The use of Genetic programing in Exploring 3D Design Worlds

Genetic algorithms are used to evolve rule systems for a generative process, in one case a shape grammar,which uses the "Dawkins Biomorph" paradigm of user driven choices to perform artificial selection, in the other a CA/Lindenmeyer system using the Hausdorff dimension of the resultant configuration to drive natural selection.
1) Using Genetic Programming in an interactive 3d shape grammar (AmyTan &P.S..Coates) A report of a generative system combining genetic programming(GP) and 3D shape grammars. The reasoning that backs up the basis for this work depends on the interpretation of design as search In this system, a 3D form is a computer program made up of functions (transformations) & terminals (building blocks). Each program evaluates into a structure. Hence, in this instance a program is synonymous with form. Building blocks of form are platonic solids (box, cylinder....etc.). A Variety of combinations of the simple affine transformations of translation, scaling, rotation together with Boolean operations of union, subtraction and intersection performed on the building blocks generate different configurations of 3D forms. Using to the methodology of genetic programming, an initial population of such programs are randomly generated,subjected to a test for fitness (the eyeball test). Individual programs that have passed the test are selected to be parents for reproducing the next generation of programs via the process of recombination.
2) Using a GA to evolve rule sets to achieve a goal configuration( T.Broughton & P.Coates ) . The aim of these experiments was to build a framework in which a structure’s form could be defined by a set of instructions encoded into its genetic make-up. This was achieved by combining a generative rule system commonly used to model biological growth with a genetic algorithm simulating the evolutionary process of selection to evolve an adaptive rule system capable of replicating any preselected 3-D shape. The generative modelling technique used is a string rewriting Lindenmayer system the genes of the emergent structures are the production rules of the L-system, and the spatial representation of the structures uses the geometry of iso-spatial dense-packed spheres

Citation:
Broughton, T., Tan, A., Coates, P. (1997) ‘The use of Genetic programing in Exploring 3D Design Worlds.’ In: Junge, R. (ed.) CAAD Futures 1997, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 4-6 August 1997, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Munchen, Germany. pp. 885-917..