The effects of retrieval procedures on recall, recognition, confidence and the confidence / accuracy relationship.

Six separate experiments were conducted to investigate the effects
of specific retrieval procedures on recall, recognition, confidence and the
confidence / accuracy relationship for these retrieval domains. In experiment I the effects of retrieval procedures were considered as part of
a recognised police interview technique, the Cognitive Interview (CI),
while in experiments 11,111, and IV the retrieval procedures involved
discrete context manipulations. Experiments V and VI focused exclusively
on the confidence / accuracy relationship for recall as a function of
specific retrieval procedures and question type.
Results indicated that although frequently improving the quality and
quantity of recall, the Cl and other types of context reinstatement
manipulation did not reliably improve recognition accuracy from lineup
presentations, nor did they have a significant moderating effect upon the
confidence / accuracy relationship. However in experiment TV in which a
long (three month) delay was utilised significant effects of context
manipulation on recognition performance were found.
With regard to confidence, experiment I indicated that the Cl was
responsible for a significant increase in confidence of recall but not
recognition. Results from experiments II, III, and iv indicated non
consistent effects of context manipulation on confidence, rating-q for either
recall and recognition.
With regard to the confidence / accuracy relationship, results from
the initial five experiments indicated that in very few instances was
confidence and accuracy significantly related. However, in experiment VI
confidence and accuracy was found to be reliably and consistently
related
The most important finding to emerge from this research suggests
the retrieval procedure undergone by a witness (interactive interview /
passive questionnaire), to be an important moderator of the confidence /
accuracy relationship. As such the results are supportive of Leippe's
(1980) two premises in which it is suggested that as reconstructional and
social influences increase, the confidence / accuracy relationship will
correspondingly decrease

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