Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback in motor neurorehabilitation

Purpose of review
Recent developments in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have catalyzed a new field of
translational neuroscience. Using fMRI to monitor the aspects of task-related changes in neural activation or
brain connectivity, investigators can offer feedback of simple or complex neural signals/patterns back to
the participant on a quasireal-time basis [real-time-fMRI-based neurofeedback (rt-fMRI-NF)]. Here, we
introduce some background methodology of the new developments in this field and give a perspective on
how they may be used in neurorehabilitation in the future.
Recent findings
The development of rt-fMRI-NF has been used to promote self-regulation of activity in several brain regions
and networks. In addition, and unlike other noninvasive techniques, rt-fMRI-NF can access specific
subcortical regions and in principle any region that can be monitored using fMRI including the cerebellum,
brainstem and spinal cord. In Parkinson’s disease and stroke, rt-fMRI-NF has been demonstrated to alter
neural activity after the self-regulation training was completed and to modify specific behaviours.
Summary
Future exploitation of rt-fMRI-NF could be used to induce neuroplasticity in brain networks that are involved
in certain neurological conditions. However, currently, the use of rt-fMRI-NF in randomized, controlled
clinical trials is in its infancy.