Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance paper 2: Methods for assessing methodological limitations, data extraction and synthesis, and confidence in synthesized qualitative findings

Article

Noyes, Jane, Booth, Andrew, Flemming, Kate, Garside, Ruth, Harden, A., Lewin, Simon, Pantoja, Tomas, Hannes, Karin, Cargo, Margaret and Thomas, James 2018. Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance paper 2: Methods for assessing methodological limitations, data extraction and synthesis, and confidence in synthesized qualitative findings. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 97, pp. 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.06.020
AuthorsNoyes, Jane, Booth, Andrew, Flemming, Kate, Garside, Ruth, Harden, A., Lewin, Simon, Pantoja, Tomas, Hannes, Karin, Cargo, Margaret and Thomas, James
Abstract

The Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group develop and publish guidance on the synthesis of qualitative and mixed-method implementation evidence. Choice of appropriate methodologies, methods and tools is essential when developing a rigorous protocol and conducting the synthesis. Cochrane authors who conduct qualitative evidence syntheses have thus far used a small number of relatively simple methods to address similarly written questions. Cochrane has invested in methodological work to develop new tools and to encourage the production of exemplar reviews to show the value of more innovative methods that address a wider range of questions. In this paper in the series we report updated guidance on the selection of tools to assess methodological limitations in qualitative studies, and methods to extract and synthesise qualitative evidence. We recommend application of GRADE-CERQual to assess confidence in qualitative synthesised findings. This guidance aims to support review authors to undertake a qualitative evidence synthesis that is intended to be integrated subsequently with the findings of one or more Cochrane reviews of the effects of similar interventions. The review of intervention effects may be undertaken concurrently with or separate to the qualitative evidence synthesis. We encourage further development through reflection and formal testing.

JournalJournal of Clinical Epidemiology
Journal citation97, pp. 49-58
ISSN0895-4356
Year2018
PublisherElsevier
Accepted author manuscript
License
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.06.020
Web address (URL)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.06.020
Publication dates
Online13 Dec 2017
PrintMay 2018
Publication process dates
Deposited05 Jan 2018
Accepted05 Jun 2017
Accepted05 Jun 2017
Copyright information© 2017 Elsevier.
Additional information

This Accepted Manuscript states it is paper 2 in the series: the Version of Record is paper 3.

Permalink -

https://repository.uel.ac.uk/item/84851

Log in to edit

Download files

Accepted author manuscript
A.Harden Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance paper 2.pdf
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

  • 413
    total views
  • 3088
    total downloads
  • 3
    views this month
  • 26
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Supporting disengaged children and young people living with diabetes to self-care: a qualitative study in a socially disadvantaged and ethnically diverse urban area
Sharpe, D., Rajabi, M., Harden, A., Moodambail, A. and Hakeem, V. 2021. Supporting disengaged children and young people living with diabetes to self-care: a qualitative study in a socially disadvantaged and ethnically diverse urban area. BMJ Open. 11 (Art. e046989). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046989
Group antenatal care (Pregnancy Circles) for diverse and disadvantaged women: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial with integral process and economic evaluations
Wiggins, M., Sawtell, M., Wiseman, O., McCourt, C., Eldridge, S., Hunter, R., Bordea, E., Mustard, C., Hanafiah, A., Hatherall, B., Holmes, V., Mehay, A., Robinson, H., Salisbury, C., Sweeney, L., Mondeh, K. and Harden, A. 2020. Group antenatal care (Pregnancy Circles) for diverse and disadvantaged women: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial with integral process and economic evaluations. BMC Health Services Research. 20 (Art. 919). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05751-z
Effectiveness and acceptability of metformin in preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes in postnatal women: a protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind feasibility trial — Optimising health outcomes with Metformin to prevent diAbetes After pregnancy (OMAhA)
Amaefule, C. E., Bolou, A., Drymoussi, Z., Carreras, F. J. C., del Carmen Pardo Llorente, M., Lanz, D., Dodds, J., Sweeney, L., Pizzo, E., D’Amico, M., Thomas, A., Heighway, J., Daru, J., Sobhy, S., Robson, J., Sanghi, A., Zamora, J., Harden, A., Hitman, G., Khan, K., Pérez, T., Huda, M. S. B. and Thangaratinam, S. 2020. Effectiveness and acceptability of metformin in preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes in postnatal women: a protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind feasibility trial — Optimising health outcomes with Metformin to prevent diAbetes After pregnancy (OMAhA). BMJ Open. 10 (Art. e036198). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036198
Project 20: Midwives’ insight into continuity of care models for women with social risk factors: What works, for whom, in what circumstances, and how
Rayment-Jones, H., Silverio, S. A., Harris, J., Harden, A. and Sandall, J. 2020. Project 20: Midwives’ insight into continuity of care models for women with social risk factors: What works, for whom, in what circumstances, and how. Midwifery. 84 (Art. 102654). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2020.102654
The long-term health and wellbeing impacts of Healthy New Towns (HNTs): protocol for a baseline and feasibility study of HNT demonstrator sites in England
Watts, P., Rance, S., McGowan, V., Brown, H., Bambra, C., Findlay, G. and Harden, A. 2020. The long-term health and wellbeing impacts of Healthy New Towns (HNTs): protocol for a baseline and feasibility study of HNT demonstrator sites in England. Pilot and Feasibility Studies. 6 (Art. 4). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-0550-2
A Systematic Map of the UK Literature on Navigation Roles in Primary Care: Social Prescribing Link Workers in Context
Bertotti, M., Haque, H., Lombardo, C., Potter, S. and Harden, A. 2019. A Systematic Map of the UK Literature on Navigation Roles in Primary Care: Social Prescribing Link Workers in Context. Institute for Health and Human Development, University of East London.
Qualitative evidence
Noyes, J., Booth, A., Cargo, M., Flemming, K., Harden, A., Harris, J., Garside, R., Hannes, K., Pantoja, T. and Thomas, J. 2019. Qualitative evidence. in: Higgins, J., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. and Welch, V. (ed.) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions The Cochrane Collaboration.
The long-term health and wellbeing impacts of Healthy New Towns: a six-month feasibility study of Healthy New Town demonstrator sites in England
Harden, A., Rance, S., Watts, P., McGowan, V., Findlay, G., Bambra, C. and Brown, H. 2019. The long-term health and wellbeing impacts of Healthy New Towns: a six-month feasibility study of Healthy New Town demonstrator sites in England. National Institute for Health Research.
Rapid testing of service innovations in general practice: The Primary Care Home model in Newham
Sharpe, D. and Harden, A. 2019. Rapid testing of service innovations in general practice: The Primary Care Home model in Newham. University of East London.
How do women with social risk factors experience United Kingdom maternity care? A realist synthesis
Rayment-Jones, H., Sandall, J., Harris, J., Harden, A. and Khan, Z. 2019. How do women with social risk factors experience United Kingdom maternity care? A realist synthesis. Birth. 46 (3), pp. 461-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12446
Testing the effectiveness of REACH Pregnancy Circles group antenatal care: protocol for a randomised controlled pilot trial
Wiggins, Meg, Sawtell, Mary, Wiseman, Octavia, McCourt, Christine, Greenberg, Lauren, Hunter, Rachael, Eldridge, Sandra, Haora, P., Kaur, Inderjeet and Harden, A. 2018. Testing the effectiveness of REACH Pregnancy Circles group antenatal care: protocol for a randomised controlled pilot trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies. 4 (1), p. Art. 169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-018-0361-x
Effectiveness and acceptability of myo-inositol nutritional supplement in the prevention of gestational diabetes (EMmY): a protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial
Amaefule, Chiamaka Esther, Drymoussi, Zoe, Dodds, Julie, Sweeney, L., Pizzo, Elena, Daru, Jahnavi, Robson, John, Poston, Lucilla, Khalil, Asma, Myers, Jenny, Harden, A., Hitman, Graham A, Khan, Khalid, Zamora, Javier, Huda, Mohammed S B and Thangaratinam, Shakila 2018. Effectiveness and acceptability of myo-inositol nutritional supplement in the prevention of gestational diabetes (EMmY): a protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. BMJ Open. 8 (9), p. e022831. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022831
'It makes sense and it works': maternity care providers' perspectives on the feasibility of a group antenatal care model (Pregnancy Circles)
Hunter, Louise, Da Motta, Giordana, McCourt, Christine, Wiseman, Octavia, Rayment, Juliet, Haora, P., Wiggins, Meg and Harden, A. 2018. 'It makes sense and it works': maternity care providers' perspectives on the feasibility of a group antenatal care model (Pregnancy Circles). Midwifery. 66, pp. 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.07.016
Evaluation of community-level interventions to increase early initiation of antenatal care in pregnancy: protocol for the Community REACH study, a cluster randomised controlled trial with integrated process and economic evaluations
Sawtell, Mary, Sweeney, L., Wiggins, Meg, Salisbury, C., Eldridge, Sandra, Greenberg, Lauren, Hunter, Rachael, Kaur, Inderjeet, McCourt, Christine, Hatherall, B., Findlay, G., Morris, Joanne, Reading, Sandra, Renton, A., Adekoya, Ruth, Green, Belinda, Harvey, Belinda, Latham, Sarah, Patel, Kanta, VanLessen, Logan and Harden, A. 2018. Evaluation of community-level interventions to increase early initiation of antenatal care in pregnancy: protocol for the Community REACH study, a cluster randomised controlled trial with integrated process and economic evaluations. Trials. 19 (163). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2526-6
Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance Series - paper 1: Introduction
Noyes, Jane, Booth, Andrew, Cargo, Margaret, Flemming, Kate, Garside, Ruth, Hannes, Karin, Harden, A., Harris, Janet, Lewin, Simon, Pantoja, Tomas and Thomas, James 2018. Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance Series - paper 1: Introduction. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 97, pp. 35-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.09.025
Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance series - paper 6: Methods for question formulation, searching and protocol development for qualitative evidence synthesis
Harris, Janet L., Booth, Andrew, Cargo, Margaret, Hannes, Karin, Harden, A., Flemming, Kate, Garside, Ruth, Pantoja, Tomas, Thomas, James and Noyes, Jane 2018. Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance series - paper 6: Methods for question formulation, searching and protocol development for qualitative evidence synthesis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 97, pp. 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.10.023
Better together: A qualitative exploration of women’s perceptions and experiences of group antenatal care
Hunter, L. J., Da Motta, G., McCourt, C., Wiseman, O., Rayment, J. L., Haora, P., Wiggins, M. and Harden, A. 2018. Better together: A qualitative exploration of women’s perceptions and experiences of group antenatal care. Women and Birth. 32 (4), pp. 336-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.09.001
Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series—paper 3: methods for assessing evidence on intervention implementation
Cargo, M., Harris, J., Pantoja, T., Booth, A., Harden, A., Hannes, K., Thomas, J., Flemming, K., Garside, R. and Noyes, J. 2018. Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series—paper 3: methods for assessing evidence on intervention implementation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 97, pp. 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.11.028
Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance Paper 5: Methods for integrating qualitative and implementation evidence within intervention effectiveness reviews
Harden, A., Thomas, James, Cargo, Margaret, Harris, Janet, Pantoja, Tomas, Flemming, Kate, Booth, Andrew, Garside, Ruth, Hannes, Karin and Noyes, Jane 2018. Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance Paper 5: Methods for integrating qualitative and implementation evidence within intervention effectiveness reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 97, pp. 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.11.029
Conduct and reporting of acceptability, attitudes, beliefs and experiences of pregnant women in randomised trials on diet and lifestyle interventions: A systematic review
Hamilton, E. Adela A., Nowell, Ann K., Harden, A. and Thangaratinam, Shakila 2018. Conduct and reporting of acceptability, attitudes, beliefs and experiences of pregnant women in randomised trials on diet and lifestyle interventions: A systematic review. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 225, pp. 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.05.008
“It’s my diabetes”: Co-production in practice with young people in delivering a ‘perfect' care pathway for diabetes
Sharpe, D., Green, Emma, Harden, A., Freer, Rachelle, Moodambail, Abdul and Towndrow, Steven 2018. “It’s my diabetes”: Co-production in practice with young people in delivering a ‘perfect' care pathway for diabetes. Research for All. 2 (2), pp. 289-303. https://doi.org/10.18546/RFA.02.2.07
Review 5: Evidence review of barriers to, and facilitators of, community engagement approaches and practices in the UK
Harden, A., Sheridan, K., McKeown, Alex, Dan-Ogosi, I. and Bagnall, Anne-Marie 2016. Review 5: Evidence review of barriers to, and facilitators of, community engagement approaches and practices in the UK. Institute for Health and Human Development, University of East London.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Review 4: Community engagement – approaches to improve health: map of the literature on current and emerging community engagement policy and practice in the UK
Bagnall, Anne-Marie, South, Jane, Trigwell, Joanne, Kinsella, Karina, White, Judy and Harden, A. 2016. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Review 4: Community engagement – approaches to improve health: map of the literature on current and emerging community engagement policy and practice in the UK. Leeds Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University / Institute for Health and Human Development, University of East London.
In memoriam: the contributions to public health research of Farah Jamal, BA, MSc, PhD
Bonell, Chris, Harden, A., Fletcher, Adam and Viner, Russell 2016. In memoriam: the contributions to public health research of Farah Jamal, BA, MSc, PhD. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 70 (4), pp. 329-330. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-207197
Timing of the initiation of antenatal care: An exploratory qualitative study of women and service providers in East London
Hatherall, B., Morris, Joanne, Jamal, Farah, Sweeney, Lorna, Wiggins, Meg, Kaur, Inderjeet, Renton, Adrian and Harden, A. 2016. Timing of the initiation of antenatal care: An exploratory qualitative study of women and service providers in East London. Midwifery. 36, pp. 1-7.
Shine 2014 Final Report: Social Prescribing: integrating GP and Community Assets for Health
Bertotti, M., Frostick, C., Findlay, G., Harden, A., Netuveli, G., Renton, A., Carnes, D., Sohanpal, R. and Hull, S. 2015. Shine 2014 Final Report: Social Prescribing: integrating GP and Community Assets for Health. The Health Foundation.
Community engagement to reduce inequalities in health: a systematic review, meta-analysis and economic analysis
O'Mara-Eves, A, Brunton, Ginny, McDaid, G, Oliver, Sandy, Kavanagh, Josephine, Jamal, F., Matosevic, T, Harden, A. and Thomas, James 2013. Community engagement to reduce inequalities in health: a systematic review, meta-analysis and economic analysis. Public Health Research. 1 (4).
An economic model of school-based behavioral interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections
Cooper, Keith, Shepherd, Jonathan, Picot, Jo, Jones, Jeremy, Kavanagh, Josephine, Harden, A., Barnett-Page, Elaine, Clegg, Andrew, Hartwell, Debbie, Frampton, Geoff and Price, Alison 2012. An economic model of school-based behavioral interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 28 (04), pp. 407-414.
The school environment and student health: a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research
Jamal, F., Fletcher, Adam, Harden, A., Wells, Helene, Thomas, James and Bonell, Chris 2013. The school environment and student health: a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research. BMC Public Health. 13 (1), p. 798.
Predictors of the timing of initiation of antenatal care in an ethnically diverse urban cohort in the UK
Cresswell, Jenny A, Yu, Ge, Hatherall, B., Morris, Joanne, Jamal, Farah, Harden, A. and Renton, A. 2013. Predictors of the timing of initiation of antenatal care in an ethnically diverse urban cohort in the UK. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 13 (1), p. 103.
Systematic review of the effects of schools and school environment interventions on health: evidence mapping and synthesis
Bonell, C., Farah, Jamal, Harden, A., Wells, H., Parry, W., Fletcher, A., Petticrew, M., Thomas, J., Whitehead, M., Campbell, R., Murphy, S. and Moore, L. 2013. Systematic review of the effects of schools and school environment interventions on health: evidence mapping and synthesis. Public Health Research. 1 (1).
Consulting with young people to inform systematic reviews: an example from a review on the effects of schools on health
Jamal, F. and Harden, A. 2013. Consulting with young people to inform systematic reviews: an example from a review on the effects of schools on health. UEL Research and Knowledge Exchange Conference 2013. University of East London, London 26 Jun 2013 London University of East London.
Getting older and living longer with HIV: Findings from a pilot study conducted in Newham
Foster, Nena, Freeman, Emily, Harden, A., Tobi, Patrick and Fakoya, Ade 2012. Getting older and living longer with HIV: Findings from a pilot study conducted in Newham. UEL Research and Knowledge Exchange Conference 2012. University of East London, London 03 May 2012 London University of East London.
The school environment and student health: a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research
Jamal, Farah, Fletcher, Adam, Harden, A., Wells, Helene, Thomas, James and Bonell, Chris 2013. The school environment and student health: a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research. BMC Public Health. 13 (1), p. 798.
The contribution of a social enterprise to the building of social capital in a disadvantaged urban area of London
Bertotti, M., Harden, A., Renton, A. and Sheridan, K. 2012. The contribution of a social enterprise to the building of social capital in a disadvantaged urban area of London. Community Development Journal. 47 (2), pp. 168-183.
A scoping review of the evidence relevant to life checks for young people aged 9 to 14 years
Harden, A. 2007. A scoping review of the evidence relevant to life checks for young people aged 9 to 14 years. London EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
Thematic synthesis
Harden, A. and Thomas, James 2008. Thematic synthesis. ESRC Research Methods Festival. St Catherine’s College, Oxford 30 Jun - 03 Jul 2008 Southampton ESRC National Centre for Research Methods.
Testing and building theories: mixed methods synthesis
Harden, A. 2008. Testing and building theories: mixed methods synthesis. ESRC Research Methods Festival. St Catherine’s College, Oxford 30 Jun - 03 Jul 2008 Southampton ESRC National Centre for Research Methods.
Critical appraisal and qualitative research: exploring sensitivity analysis
Harden, A. 2008. Critical appraisal and qualitative research: exploring sensitivity analysis. ESRC Research Methods Festival. St Catherine’s College, Oxford 30 Jun - 03 Jul 2008
Social and environmental interventions to reduce childhood obesity: a systematic map of reviews
Harden, A. 2008. Social and environmental interventions to reduce childhood obesity: a systematic map of reviews. London EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
Including diverse groups of children and young people in health promotion and public health research: a review of methodology and practice
Harden, A. 2008. Including diverse groups of children and young people in health promotion and public health research: a review of methodology and practice. London EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
Health promotion, inequalities and young people’s health: a systematic review of research
Harden, A. 2008. Health promotion, inequalities and young people’s health: a systematic review of research. London EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
A review of effectiveness, including cost effectiveness wherever possible, of commissioned healthy weight-related projects in City and Hackney: final report
Harden, A., Estacio, Emee Vida, Tobi, Patrick, Adams-Eaton, Faye, Bertotti, Marcello and Lais, Shahana 2009. A review of effectiveness, including cost effectiveness wherever possible, of commissioned healthy weight-related projects in City and Hackney: final report. London Institute of Health and Human Development, University of East London.
A project to assist Family Actions's Building Bridges practitioners with the use of the Index of Family Relations as an outcome measurement: final report
Harden, A., Lloyd-Reichling, E., Mcdermott, M., Potter, Sylvia and Sayeed, Zahirun 2009. A project to assist Family Actions's Building Bridges practitioners with the use of the Index of Family Relations as an outcome measurement: final report. London University of East London.
Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews
Thomas, James and Harden, A. 2008. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 8 (45), pp. 1471-2288.
The influence of environmental factors on the generalisability of public health research evidence: physical activity as a worked example
Watts, P., Phillips, Gemma, Harden, A. and Renton, A. 2011. The influence of environmental factors on the generalisability of public health research evidence: physical activity as a worked example. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity. 8 (1), pp. 1479-5868.
Creating and Maintaining a Healthy Stratford City: Principles and Practices for Success
Sampson, Alice, Harden, A., Brimicombe, A., Bertotti, Marcello, Lais, Shahana, Barrow-Guevera, Gail, Boniwell, Ilona, Joseph, Hipolina, Sheridan, Kevin, Adams-Eaton, Faye, Tobi, Patrick and Li, Yang 2010. Creating and Maintaining a Healthy Stratford City: Principles and Practices for Success. University of East London, Centre for Institutional Studies.
Protocol for a systematic review of the effects of schools and school-environment interventions on health: evidence mapping and syntheses
Harden, A. and Jamal, Farah 2011. Protocol for a systematic review of the effects of schools and school-environment interventions on health: evidence mapping and syntheses. BMC Public Health. 11 (453).
Integrating qualitative research with trials in systematic reviews
Thomas, James, Harden, A., Oakley, Ann, Oliver, Sandy, Sutcliffe, Katy, Rees, Rebecca, Brunton, Ginny and Kavanagh, Josephine 2004. Integrating qualitative research with trials in systematic reviews. British Medical Journal. 328 (7446), pp. 1010-1012.
Applying systematic review methods to studies of people’s views: an example from public health research
Harden, A., Garcia, Jo, Oliver, Sandy, Rees, Rebecca, Shepherd, Jonathan, Brunton, Ginny and Oakley, Ann 2004. Applying systematic review methods to studies of people’s views: an example from public health research. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 58 (9), pp. 794-800.
A project to assist Family Action’s Building Bridges practitioners with the use of the Index of Family Relations as an outcome measurement (Final Report).
Harden, A., Lloyd-Reichling, E., Mcdermott, M., Potter, Sylvia and Sayeed, Zahirun 2009. A project to assist Family Action’s Building Bridges practitioners with the use of the Index of Family Relations as an outcome measurement (Final Report). Family Action, Institute of Health and Human Development and CASS School of Education, University of East London.
Teenage pregnancy and social disadvantage: systematic review integrating controlled trials and qualitative studies
Harden, A., Brunton, Ginny, Fletcher, Adam and Oakley, Ann 2009. Teenage pregnancy and social disadvantage: systematic review integrating controlled trials and qualitative studies. British Medical Journal. 339 (121).
Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews
Thomas, James and Harden, A. 2008. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 8 (45).