Sustainable 3D Printing for Construction: Cement Choices, Structural Components, and Real-World Insights

By providing quicker, more affordable, and ecologically friendly ways to construct buildings than traditional construction methods, 3D printed concrete structures not only revolutionises the construction industry but also drastically lowers carbon emissions, aiding in the worldwide fight against climate change. This research focuses on the material aspects of 3D printed concrete, concentrating primarily on cement as a key component. Using the sources from the cement-focused material research, it will not only look at the selection of suitable materials but also examine the structural specifications and the components (Foundation, Wall & Roof) that are printable. Cement, being the primary source of embodied carbon and energy in the construction industry, this study includes the various types of 3D Printing cements such as Geo polymer, Limestone-Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), Calcium Sulpho Aluminate cement and Reactive magnesium oxide cement. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, this research thoroughly examines the present status and potential applications of robotic construction and 3D printing in the construction sector by fusing qualitative literature review and case studies with quantitative material inspections. After analysing embodied carbon and embodied energy in each cement the best option available in UK is suggested. The findings highlight Geo Polymer and Limestone-Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) as the preferred option for 3D Printed Concrete in this research. In addition, this research delves into real-time case studies centered around 3D Printed Concrete Structure, providing practical insights into their applications and performance in diverse construction scenarios. Also, the load-bearing capacities of the wall that are 3D printed are examined closely, acknowledging from real-world application. The combinations of these components in a small-scale design act as a test run, providing insights for a smooth transition into more sustainable 3D Printed Concrete Structure using these sustainable cements such as Geo Polymer and Limestone-Calcined Clay Cement (LC3).