Thermal Performance of 3D-Printed Concrete Walls

The swift advancement of additive manufacturing within the construction industry has established a foundation for novel methodologies in the fabrication of structural and envelope components, characterised by enhanced efficiency, design adaptability, and material accuracy. Among these pivotal innovations, 3D concrete printing (3DCP) is distinguished as a revolutionary technique for the erection of walls and architectural features without the necessity for formwork, thereby minimising material waste and labour expenditures. With the increasing integration of 3DCP it becomes imperative to evaluate the performance of 3D-printed building components according to the regulatory standards and sustainability objectives. This paper investigates thermal performances of a prototype 3D-printed concrete wall based on the requirements of the UK’s Approved Document L. Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the thermal properties of the concrete specimens followed by simulations in VOLTRA to ascertain the actual thermal performance of the prototype wall. The outcomes indicated an overall U-value of 0.23 W/m²K that complies with the regulations. Thermal bridging was however identified as a major risk that could compromise the performance of 3DCP walls. Modifications to the internal configuration and geometry of the wall, composite layering, and insulation materials are expected to augment the overall thermal performance.