Structural Performance of 3D-Printed Concrete Walls

The additive manufacturing in construction offers significant efficiency, accuracy, and sustainability. Notably, 3D concrete printing (3DCP) allows for the creation of complex wall assemblies without traditional formwork. A key question on the broader application of 3DCP methods is their compliance with different building regulations and standards, particularly their structural behaviours in comparison to conventional construction methods. In this context, the compressive strength of the concrete mix is tested in the laboratory followed by static Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to evaluate the structural performance of a prototype 3D-printed concrete wall, according to the Approved Document A of the UK Building Regulations. The results showed negligible displacement with a maximum stress of 0.52 MPa indicating that the compressive strength of the wall significantly exceeded the minimum requirements. The geometry of 3D printed walls could greatly affect their structural performance and should therefore be designed carefully to achieve structural requirements while minimising material waste. This study highlights the need for new regulations and standards for emerging construction methods and technologies such as 3DCP in the UK.