The impact of GDPR infringement fines on the market value of firms

Article

Ford, A., Al-Nemrat, A., Ghorashi, S. and Davidson, J. 2023. The impact of GDPR infringement fines on the market value of firms. Information and Computer Security. 31 (1), pp. 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-03-2022-0049
AuthorsFord, A., Al-Nemrat, A., Ghorashi, S. and Davidson, J.
Abstract

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) infringement fine announcements on the market value of mostly European publicly listed companies with a view to reinforcing the importance of data privacy compliance, thereby informing cyber security investment strategies for organisations.

Design/methodology/approach
Previous studies have shown (varying degrees of) evidence of a negative impact of data breach announcements on the share price of publicly listed companies. Following on from this research, further studies have been carried out in assessing the economic impact of the introduction of legislation in this area to encourage firms to invest in cyber security and protect the privacy of data subjects. Existing research has been predominantly US centric.

Findings
Using event study techniques, a data set of 25 GDPR fine announcement events was analysed, and statistically significant cumulative abnormal returns of around 1% on average up to three days after the event were identified. In almost all cases, this negative economic impact on market value far outweighed the monetary value of the fine itself, and relatively minor fines could result in major market valuation losses for companies, even those having large market capitalisations.

Originality/value
This research would be of benefit to business management, practitioners of cyber security, investors and shareholders as well as researchers in cyber security or related fields (pointers to future research are given). Data protection authorities may also find this work of interest.

JournalInformation and Computer Security
Journal citation31 (1), pp. 51-64
ISSN2056-4961
2056-497X
Year2023
PublisherEmerald Publishing Limited
Accepted author manuscript
License
File Access Level
Anyone
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-03-2022-0049
Publication dates
Online07 Sep 2022
Publication process dates
Deposited25 Feb 2025
Copyright holder© 2022 The Authors
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Davidson, J. and Bifulco, Antonia 2018. Child abuse & child protection: Contemporary issues in research, policy & practice. Routledge.
Content Discovery Advertisements: An Explorative Analysis
Jadhav Balaji, R., Baravalle, Andres, Al-Nemrat, A. and Falcarin, P. 2017. Content Discovery Advertisements: An Explorative Analysis. in: Jahankhani, Hamid, Carlile, Alex, Emmett, David, Hosseinian-Far, Amin, Brown, Guy, Sexton, Graham and Jamal, Arshad (ed.) Global Security, Safety and Sustainability - The Security Challenges of the Connected World Springer Verlag.
Integration operators for generating RDF/OWL-based user defined mediator views in a grid environment
Tawil, Abdel-Rahman H., Taweel, Adel, Naeem, U., Montebello, Matthew, Bashroush, R. and Al-Nemrat, A. 2014. Integration operators for generating RDF/OWL-based user defined mediator views in a grid environment. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems. 43 (1), pp. 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-013-0300-5
Security countermeasures in the cyber-world
Bendovschi, Andreea and Al-Nemrat, A. 2016. Security countermeasures in the cyber-world. in: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cybercrime and Computer Forensic (ICCCF) IEEE. pp. 1-7
Measuring sustainability for an effective Information System audit from public organization perspective
Lope Abdul Rahman, Alifah Aida, Islam, S. and Al-Nemrat, A. 2015. Measuring sustainability for an effective Information System audit from public organization perspective. in: Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS), 2015 IEEE 9th International Conference on IEEE. pp. 42-51
ARP cache poisoning mitigation and forensics investigation
Mangut, Heman Awang, Al-Nemrat, A., Benzaid, Chafika and Tawil, Abdel-Rahman H. 2015. ARP cache poisoning mitigation and forensics investigation. in: 2015 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA IEEE. pp. 1392-1397
Cybercrime Profiling: Decision-Tree Induction, Examining Perceptions of Internet Risk and Cybercrime Victimisation
Al-Nemrat, A. and Benzaid, Chafika 2015. Cybercrime Profiling: Decision-Tree Induction, Examining Perceptions of Internet Risk and Cybercrime Victimisation. in: 2015 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA IEEE. pp. 1380-1385
Intelligent Detection of MAC Spoofing Attack in 802.11 Network
Benzaid, Chafika, Boulgheraif, Abderrahman, Dahmane, Fatma Zohra, Al-Nemrat, A. and Zeraoulia, Khaled 2016. Intelligent Detection of MAC Spoofing Attack in 802.11 Network. in: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
Forensic Malware Analysis: The Value of Fuzzy Hashing Algorithms in Identifying Similarities
Sarantinos, Nikolaos, Benzaid, Chafika, Arabiat, Omar and Al-Nemrat, A. 2017. Forensic Malware Analysis: The Value of Fuzzy Hashing Algorithms in Identifying Similarities. in: 2016 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA IEEE. pp. 1782-1787
A Scalable Malware Classification based on Integrated Static and Dynamic Features
Bounouh, Tewfik, Brahimi, Zakaria, Al-Nemrat, A. and Benzaid, Chafika 2017. A Scalable Malware Classification based on Integrated Static and Dynamic Features. 11th International Conference on Global Security, Safety, and Sustainability (ICGS3) 2017. London, UK 18 - 20 Jan 2017 Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51064-4_10
Digital dangers and cyber-victimisation: a study of European adolescent online risky behaviour for sexual exploitation
DeMarco, Jeffrey, Cheevers, Carly, Davidson, Julia, Bogaerts, Stefan, Pace, Ugo, Aiken, Mary, Caretti, Vincenzo, Schimmenti, Adriano and Bifulco, Antonia 2017. Digital dangers and cyber-victimisation: a study of European adolescent online risky behaviour for sexual exploitation. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 14 (1), pp. 104-112.
Fast authentication in wireless sensor networks
Benzaid, Chafika, Lounis, Karim, Al-Nemrat, A., Badache, Nadjib and Alazab, Mamoun 2014. Fast authentication in wireless sensor networks. Future Generation Computer Systems. 55, pp. 362-375.
Enhancing police and industry practice
Davidson, Julia, DeMarco, Jeffrey, Bifulco, Antonia, Bogaerts, Stefan, Caretti, Vincenzo, Aiken, Mary, Chevers, Carly, Corbari, Elisa, Scally, Mia, Schimmenti, Adriano and Puccia, Angelo 2016. Enhancing police and industry practice. Middlesex University.
Youth pathways into cybercrime
Aiken, M., Davidson, J. and Amann, Philippe 2016. Youth pathways into cybercrime. Paladin Capital Group.
The prevalence, nature, and impact of intrafamilial child sexual abuse: findings from a rapid evidence assessment
Gekoski, Anna, Davidson, J. and Horvath, Miranda A. H. 2016. The prevalence, nature, and impact of intrafamilial child sexual abuse: findings from a rapid evidence assessment. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice. 2 (4), pp. 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRPP-05-2016-0008
An Analysis of Honeypot Programs and the Attack Data Collected
Moore, C. and Al-Nemrat, A. 2015. An Analysis of Honeypot Programs and the Attack Data Collected. in: Jahankhani, Hamid, Carlile, Alex, Akhgar, Babak, Taal, Amie, Hessami, Ali G. and Hosseinian-Far, Amin (ed.) Global Security, Safety and Sustainability: Tomorrow's Challenges of Cyber Security Springer International Publishing.
Statistical Sampling Approach to Investigate Child Pornography Cases
Sarantinos, N., Al-Nemrat, A. and Naeem, U. 2013. Statistical Sampling Approach to Investigate Child Pornography Cases. 2013 Fourth Cybercrime and Trustworthy Computing Workshop (CTC). Sydney NSW, Australia 21 - 22 Nov 2013 IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CTC.2013.14