Harms caused by China's 1906–17 opium suppression intervention

Between 1906 and 1917 China (under the Imperial and then Republican regimes) enacted a
highly effective intervention to suppress the production of opium. Evidence from British
Foreign Office records suggest that the intervention was centred, in many areas, upon a
highly repressive incarnation of law enforcement in which rural populations had their
property destroyed, their land confiscated and/or were publically tortured, humiliated and
executed. Crops were forcefully eradicated and resistance was often brutally suppressed by
the military. As few farmers received compensation or support for alternative livelihood
creation the intervention pushed many deeper into poverty. Importantly, the repressive nature
of the opium ban appears to have been a contributing factor to the fragmentation of China,
highlighting the counter-productivity of repressive interventions to reduce drug crop
production.