Emerging horizons for tick-borne pathogens: from the ‘one pathogen–one disease’ vision to the pathobiome paradigm

Ticks as vectors of several notorious zoonotic pathogens, represent an important and
increasing threat for human, animal health in Europe. Recent application of new
technology revealed the complexity of the tick microbiome that might impact upon its
vectorial capacity. Appreciation of these complex systems is expanding our vision of
tick-borne pathogens leading us to evolve a more integrated view that embraces the
“pathobiome” representing the pathogenic agent integrated within its abiotic and
biotic environments.
In this review, we will explore how this new vision will revolutionize our understanding
of tick-borne diseases. We will discuss the implications in terms of research
approach for the future in order to efficiently prevent and control the threat posed by
ticks.