The role of sports clubs in helping older people to stay active and prevent frailty: a longitudinal mediation analysis

Article

Watts, P., Webb, Elizabeth and Netuveli, G. 2017. The role of sports clubs in helping older people to stay active and prevent frailty: a longitudinal mediation analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 14, p. Art. 95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0552-5
AuthorsWatts, P., Webb, Elizabeth and Netuveli, G.
Abstract

Background
Frailty is a common syndrome in older adults characterised by increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes as a result of decline in functional and physiological measures. Frailty predicts a range of poor health and social outcomes and is associated with increased risk of hospital admission. The health benefits of sport and physical activity and the health risks of inactivity are well known. However, less is known about the role of sports clubs and physical activity in preventing and managing frailty in older adults. The objective of this study is to examine the role of membership of sports clubs in promoting physical activity and reducing levels of frailty in older adults.
Methods

We used data from waves 1 to 7 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Survey items on physical activity were combined to produce a measure of moderate or vigorous physical activity for each wave. Frailty was measured using an index of accumulated deficits. A total of sixty deficits, including symptoms, disabilities and diseases were recorded through self-report and tests. Direct and indirect relationships between sports club membership, levels of physical activity and frailty were examined using a cross-lagged panel model.
Results

We found evidence for an indirect relationship between sports club membership and frailty, mediated by physical activity. This finding was observed when examining time-specific indirect pathways and the total of all indirect pathways across seven waves of survey data (Est = −0.097 [95% CI = −0.124,-0.070], p = <0.001).

Conclusions

These analyses provide evidence to suggest that sports clubs may be useful in preventing and managing frailty in older adults, both directly and indirectly through increased physical activity levels. Sports clubs accessible to older people may improve health in this demographic by increasing activity levels and reducing frailty and associated comorbidities. There is a need for investment in these organisations to provide opportunities for older people to achieve the levels of physical activity necessary to prevent health problems associated with inactivity.

KeywordsPhysical activity; Sports clubs; Frailty; Older adults
JournalInternational Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Journal citation14, p. Art. 95
ISSN1479-5868
Year2017
PublisherBioMed Central
Publisher's version
License
CC BY
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0552-5
Web address (URL)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0552-5
https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-017-0552-5
Publication dates
Print14 Jul 2017
Publication process dates
Deposited24 Jul 2017
Accepted07 Jul 2017
FunderNational Institute of Aging
Office for National Statistics
External resourceThe role of sports clubs in helping older people to stay active and prevent frailty: a longitudinal mediation analysis
Copyright information© 2017 The Authors
Permalink -

https://repository.uel.ac.uk/item/84v16

Log in to edit

Download files

Publisher's version
Watts et al. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition.pdf
License: CC BY

  • 252
    total views
  • 217
    total downloads
  • 9
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Understanding Adolescent Criminal and Risky Online Sexual Behaviors in the Context of Mental Health and Well-Being: Findings from a Multi- National European Cybercrime Study
Davidson, J., Aiken, M., Gekoski, A., Netuveli, G., Farr, R. and Deac, A. 2024. Understanding Adolescent Criminal and Risky Online Sexual Behaviors in the Context of Mental Health and Well-Being: Findings from a Multi- National European Cybercrime Study. Victims & Offenders. p. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2024.2408675
“I Forgot My Numbers and the Machine Swallowed It Up”: Adults With Learning Disabilities Share Their Perspectives on the Shift to a Cashless Society
Watts, P., Hoskin, J., Upadhyay, R., Tapley, E. and Kwiatkowska, G. 2024. “I Forgot My Numbers and the Machine Swallowed It Up”: Adults With Learning Disabilities Share Their Perspectives on the Shift to a Cashless Society. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. p. In Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/bld.12621
Exploring trainee nursing associates’ experiences of home placements in primary care and social care
Leah, V., Watts, P. and Caffrey, A. 2023. Exploring trainee nursing associates’ experiences of home placements in primary care and social care. Nursing Management. In Press. https://doi.org/10.7748/nm.2023.e2098
Student nurses' experiences of discrimination and racism on work placements: What can higher education institutions do?
Caffrey, A., Botticello, J., Quarshie, P. E., Ali, L., Watts, P., Cathala, X. and Ferrante, J. 2023. Student nurses' experiences of discrimination and racism on work placements: What can higher education institutions do? Nurse Education Today. 131 (Art. 105980). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105980
Depression Earlier on in Life Predicts Frailty at 50 Years: Evidence from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study
Watts, P., Menon, M. and Netuveli, G. 2023. Depression Earlier on in Life Predicts Frailty at 50 Years: Evidence from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 12 (17), p. 5568. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175568
Labour force transitions and changes in quality of life at age 50 to 55 years: evidence from a birth cohort study
Watts, P., Bartley, M., Blane, D. and Netuveli, G. 2023. Labour force transitions and changes in quality of life at age 50 to 55 years: evidence from a birth cohort study. Ageing and Society. In Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X2300048X
Using multimedia technology to enhance self-advocacy of people with intellectual disabilities: Introducing a theoretical framework for ‘Multimedia Advocacy’
Watts, P., Kwiatkowska, G. and Minnion, A. 2023. Using multimedia technology to enhance self-advocacy of people with intellectual disabilities: Introducing a theoretical framework for ‘Multimedia Advocacy’. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 36 (4), pp. 739-749. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.13107
Costs of healthy living for older adults: the need for dynamic measures of health-related poverty to support evidence-informed policy-making and real-time decision-making
Watts, P. and Netuveli, G. 2022. Costs of healthy living for older adults: the need for dynamic measures of health-related poverty to support evidence-informed policy-making and real-time decision-making. Public Health. 212, pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.08.001
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Falls Among Older Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Wehner-Hewson, N., Watts, P., Buscombe, R., Bourne, N. and Hewson, D. 2022. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Falls Among Older Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 9, p. 2427–2440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01179-1
Addressing the Safety and Criminal Exploitation of Vulnerable Young People: Before, During and After COVID-19 and Lockdown
Ravenscroft, A., Salisbury, C., Voela, A. and Watts, P. 2021. Addressing the Safety and Criminal Exploitation of Vulnerable Young People: Before, During and After COVID-19 and Lockdown. in: Ellis, D. and Voela, A. (ed.) After Lockdown, Opening Up: Psychosocial Transformation in the Wake of COVID-19 Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 151-171
The ORNATE India project: Building research capacity and capability to tackle the burden of diabetic retinopathy-related blindness in India
Conroy, D., Ramakrishnan, R., Raman, R., Rajalakshmi, R., Rani, P. K., Ramasamy, K., Mohan, V., Das, T., Sadanandan, R., Netuveli, G. and Sivaprasad, S. 2021. The ORNATE India project: Building research capacity and capability to tackle the burden of diabetic retinopathy-related blindness in India. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 69 (11), pp. 3058-3063. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1505_21
Exploring the physical activity of Iranian migrant women in the United Kingdom: a qualitative study
Soltani, N., Botticello, J. and Watts, P. 2021. Exploring the physical activity of Iranian migrant women in the United Kingdom: a qualitative study. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. 16 (Art. 1963111). https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2021.1963111
Complex interventions to implement a diabetic retinopathy care pathway in the public health system in Kerala: the Nayanamritham study protocol
Sivaprasad, S., Netuveli, G., Wittenberg, R., Khobragade, R., Sadanandan, R., Gopal, B., Premnazir, L., Conroy, D., Srinath, J., Ramakrishnan, R., George, S. and Sahasranamam, V. I. 2021. Complex interventions to implement a diabetic retinopathy care pathway in the public health system in Kerala: the Nayanamritham study protocol. BMJ Open. 11 (Art. e040577). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040577
Impact on health and provision of healthcare services during the COVID-19 lockdown in India: A multicentre cross-sectional study
Raman, R., Rajalakshmi, R., Surya, J., Ramakrishnan, R., Sivaprasad, S.., Conroy, D., Thethi, J. P., Mohan, V. and Netuveli, G. 2021. Impact on health and provision of healthcare services during the COVID-19 lockdown in India: A multicentre cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 11 (Art. e043590). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043590
Protocol on a multicentre statistical and economic modelling study of risk-based stratified and personalised screening for diabetes and its complications in India (SMART India)
Sivaprasad, S., Raman, R., Rajalakshmi, R., Mohan, V., Deepa, M., Das, T., Ramasamy, K., Prevost, A. T., Wittenberg, R., Netuveli, G., Lingam, G., Hanif, W., Ramakrishnan, R., Ramu, J., Surya, J., Conroy, D. and On behalf of SMART India Study Collaborators 2020. Protocol on a multicentre statistical and economic modelling study of risk-based stratified and personalised screening for diabetes and its complications in India (SMART India). BMJ Open. 10 (Art. 039657). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039657
The RIX Multi Me Toolkit: Rix Research & Media Feasibility Report
Minnion, A., Kwiatkowska, G., Watts, P., Finch, J. and Wilkie, C. 2020. The RIX Multi Me Toolkit: Rix Research & Media Feasibility Report. RIX Research & Media, University of East London.
Choice of device to view video lectures: an analysis of two independent cohorts of first-year university students
Namuddu, J. and Watts, P. 2020. Choice of device to view video lectures: an analysis of two independent cohorts of first-year university students. Research in Learning Technology. 28 (Art. 2324). https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v28.2324
Pro-environmental behaviours and attitudes are associated with health, wellbeing and life satisfaction in multiple occupancy households in the UK Household Longitudinal Study
Netuveli, G. and Watts, P. 2020. Pro-environmental behaviours and attitudes are associated with health, wellbeing and life satisfaction in multiple occupancy households in the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Population and Environment. 41, p. 347–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-020-00337-7
The long-term health and wellbeing impacts of Healthy New Towns (HNTs): protocol for a baseline and feasibility study of HNT demonstrator sites in England
Watts, P., Rance, S., McGowan, V., Brown, H., Bambra, C., Findlay, G. and Harden, A. 2020. The long-term health and wellbeing impacts of Healthy New Towns (HNTs): protocol for a baseline and feasibility study of HNT demonstrator sites in England. Pilot and Feasibility Studies. 6 (Art. 4). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-0550-2
Re-thinking social exclusion in later life: a case for a new framework for measurement
Macleod, Catherine A., Ross, Andy, Sacker, Amanda, Netuveli, G. and Windle, Gill 2017. Re-thinking social exclusion in later life: a case for a new framework for measurement. Ageing and Society. 39 (1), pp. 74-111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X17000794
The long-term health and wellbeing impacts of Healthy New Towns: a six-month feasibility study of Healthy New Town demonstrator sites in England
Harden, A., Rance, S., Watts, P., McGowan, V., Findlay, G., Bambra, C. and Brown, H. 2019. The long-term health and wellbeing impacts of Healthy New Towns: a six-month feasibility study of Healthy New Town demonstrator sites in England. National Institute for Health Research.
Minimum income for healthy living and frailty in adults over 65 years old in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: a population-based cohort study
Watts, P., Blane, David and Netuveli, Gopalakrishnan 2019. Minimum income for healthy living and frailty in adults over 65 years old in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 9 (2), p. e025334. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025334
The effectiveness of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy for reducing suicide attempts and self-harm: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Briggs, S., Netuveli, G., Gould, N., Gkaravella, A., Gluckman, N., Kangogyere, P., Farr, R., Goldblatt, M. and Lindner, R. 2019. The effectiveness of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy for reducing suicide attempts and self-harm: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 214 (6), pp. 320-328. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.33
Country-level welfare-state measures and change in wellbeing following work exit in early old age: evidence from 16 European countries
Richardson, Sol, Carr, Ewan, Netuveli, G. and Sacker, Amanda 2018. Country-level welfare-state measures and change in wellbeing following work exit in early old age: evidence from 16 European countries. International Journal of Epidemiology. 48 (2), pp. 389-401. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy205
The Impact of Academies on School Connectedness, Future Aspirations and Mental Health in Adolescents from Areas of Deprivation in London
Frostick, C., Tong, Jin, Moore, D., Renton, A. and Netuveli, G. 2018. The Impact of Academies on School Connectedness, Future Aspirations and Mental Health in Adolescents from Areas of Deprivation in London. Pastoral Care in Education. 36 (4), pp. 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2018.1528626
Differential impact of socioeconomic position across life on oral cancer risk in Kerala, India: An investigation of life-course models under a time-varying framework
ThekkePurakkal, Akhil Soman, Naimi, Ashley I., Madathil, Sreenath A., Kumamangalam Puthiyannal, Shahul H., Netuveli, G., Sacker, Amanda, Schlecht, Nicolas F. and Nicolau, Belinda 2018. Differential impact of socioeconomic position across life on oral cancer risk in Kerala, India: An investigation of life-course models under a time-varying framework. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 46 (6), pp. 592-600. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12404
The Social Prescribing Service in the London Borough of Waltham Forest: Final Evaluation Report
Bertotti, M., Frostick, C., Tong, J. and Netuveli, G. 2017. The Social Prescribing Service in the London Borough of Waltham Forest: Final Evaluation Report. Institute for Health and Human Development, University of East London.
Health and social exclusion in older age: evidence from Understanding Society, the UK household longitudinal study
Sacker, Amanda, Ross, Andy, MacLeod, Catherine A, Netuveli, G. and Windle, Gill 2017. Health and social exclusion in older age: evidence from Understanding Society, the UK household longitudinal study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 71 (7), pp. 681-690. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-208037
Social, cognitive, behavioural and neighbourhood characteristics associated with sedentary time in men and women living in deprived neighbourhoods
Watts, P., Hayee Shahid, Mahwish, Bertotti, Marcello and Tobi, P. 2017. Social, cognitive, behavioural and neighbourhood characteristics associated with sedentary time in men and women living in deprived neighbourhoods. European Journal Of Sport Science. 17 (7), pp. 904-912. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1323951
The impact of a social prescribing service on patients in primary care: a mixed methods evaluation
Carnes, Dawn, Sohanpal, Ratna, Frostick, C., Hull, Sally, Mathur, Rohini, Netuveli, G., Tong, Jin, Hutt, Patrick and Bertotti, M. 2017. The impact of a social prescribing service on patients in primary care: a mixed methods evaluation. BMC Health Services Research. 17 (Art. 835). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2778-y
Can sleep disturbance influence changes in mental health status? Longitudinal research evidence from ageing studies in England and Japan
Cable, N., Chandola, T., Aida, J., Sekine, M. and Netuveli, G. 2016. Can sleep disturbance influence changes in mental health status? Longitudinal research evidence from ageing studies in England and Japan. Sleep Medicine. 30, pp. 216-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.11.017
Well London: Results of a community engagement approach to improving health among adolescents from areas of deprivation in London
Frostick, C., Watts, P., Netuveli, G., Renton, A. and Moore, D. 2017. Well London: Results of a community engagement approach to improving health among adolescents from areas of deprivation in London. Journal of Community Practice. 25 (2), pp. 235-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2017.1309611
Clustering of lifestyle risk behaviours among residents of forty deprived neighbourhoods in London: lessons for targeting public health interventions
Watts, P., Buck, David, Netuveli, G. and Renton, A. 2015. Clustering of lifestyle risk behaviours among residents of forty deprived neighbourhoods in London: lessons for targeting public health interventions. Journal of Public Health. 38 (2), pp. 308-315. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv028
Has the Rajiv Aarogyasri Community Health Insurance Scheme of Andhra Pradesh Addressed the Educational Divide in Accessing Health Care?
Dowdy, David W., Rao, Mala, Singh, Prabal Vikram, Katyal, Anuradha, Samarth, Amit, Bergkvist, Sofi, Renton, A. and Netuveli, G. 2016. Has the Rajiv Aarogyasri Community Health Insurance Scheme of Andhra Pradesh Addressed the Educational Divide in Accessing Health Care? PLoS ONE. 11 (1), p. e0145707. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145707
Impact of Universal Health Insurance Coverage on Hypertension Management: A Cross-National Study in the United States and England
Scuteri, Angelo, Dalton, Andrew R. H., Vamos, Eszter P., Harris, Matthew J., Netuveli, G., Wachter, Robert M., Majeed, Azeem and Millett, Christopher 2014. Impact of Universal Health Insurance Coverage on Hypertension Management: A Cross-National Study in the United States and England. PLoS ONE. 9 (1), p. e83705.
Remarriage after divorce and depression risk
Hiyoshi, A., Fall, K., Netuveli, G. and Montgomery, S. 2015. Remarriage after divorce and depression risk. Social Science & Medicine. 141, pp. 109-114.
Shine 2014 Final Report: Social Prescribing: integrating GP and Community Assets for Health
Bertotti, M., Frostick, C., Findlay, G., Harden, A., Netuveli, G., Renton, A., Carnes, D., Sohanpal, R. and Hull, S. 2015. Shine 2014 Final Report: Social Prescribing: integrating GP and Community Assets for Health. The Health Foundation.
Strengthening primary health systems in India
Rao, M., Narasimhan, H., Bergkvist, Sofi, Singh, Prabal V., Anuradha, Katyal, Amit, Samarth, Katyal, Anuradha, Samarth, Amit, Kancharla, Manjusha, Wagstaff, Adam, Netuveli, G., Renton, A. and Boddu, V. 2015. Strengthening primary health systems in India. UK Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.15123/DATA.11
Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the CASP-19, a measure of quality of life in early old age: the HAPIEE study
Kim, Gyu Ri, Netuveli, G., Blane, David, Peasey, Anne, Malyutina, Sofia, Simonova, Galina, Kubinova, Ruzena, Pajak, Andrzej, Croezen, Simone, Bobak, Martin and Pikhart, Hynek 2014. Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the CASP-19, a measure of quality of life in early old age: the HAPIEE study. Aging & Mental Health.
Changes in addressing inequalities in access to hospital care in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra states of India: a difference-in-differences study using repeated cross-sectional surveys
Rao, M., Katyal, Anuradha, Singh, Prabal V., Samarth, Amit, Bergkvist, Sofi, Kancharla, Manjusha, Wagstaff, Adam, Netuveli, G. and Renton, A. 2014. Changes in addressing inequalities in access to hospital care in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra states of India: a difference-in-differences study using repeated cross-sectional surveys. BMJ Open. 4 (6), p. e004471.
The role of childhood social position in adult type 2 diabetes: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Pikhartova, Jitka, Blane, David and Netuveli, G. 2014. The role of childhood social position in adult type 2 diabetes: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. BMC Public Health. 14 (1), p. 505.
Changes in health outcomes in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients in the Newham Community Prescribing pilot project: analysis of pre and post data
Bertotti, M., Watts, P., Akhter, I. and Eselebor, D. 2014. Changes in health outcomes in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients in the Newham Community Prescribing pilot project: analysis of pre and post data. Institute for Health and Human Development, University of East London.
Types of Social Capital and Mental Disorder in Deprived Urban Areas: A Multilevel Study of 40 Disadvantaged London Neighbourhoods
Bertotti, M., Watts, Paul, Netuveli, G., Yu, Ge, Schmidt, Elena, Tobi, P., Lais, Shahana and Renton, A. 2013. Types of Social Capital and Mental Disorder in Deprived Urban Areas: A Multilevel Study of 40 Disadvantaged London Neighbourhoods. PLoS ONE. 8 (12), p. e80127.
Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Management and Pay-for-Performance in the UK: The Wandsworth Prospective Diabetes Study
Millett, Christopher, Gray, Jeremy, Saxena, Sonia, Netuveli, G., Khunti, Kamlesh and Majeed, Azeem 2007. Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Management and Pay-for-Performance in the UK: The Wandsworth Prospective Diabetes Study. PLoS Medicine. 4 (6), p. e191.
Facilitating the Recruitment of Minority Ethnic People into Research: Qualitative Case Study of South Asians and Asthma
Daniels, Karen, Sheikh, Aziz, Halani, Laila, Bhopal, Raj, Netuveli, G., Partridge, Martyn R., Car, Josip, Griffiths, Chris and Levy, Mark 2009. Facilitating the Recruitment of Minority Ethnic People into Research: Qualitative Case Study of South Asians and Asthma. PLoS Medicine. 6 (10), p. e1000148.
Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Multiple Loci Associated with Primary Tooth Development during Infancy
Gibson, Greg, Pillas, Demetris, Hoggart, Clive J., Evans, David M., O'Reilly, Paul F., Sipilä, Kirsi, Lähdesmäki, Raija, Millwood, Iona Y., Kaakinen, Marika, Netuveli, G., Blane, David, Charoen, Pimphen, Sovio, Ulla, Pouta, Anneli, Freimer, Nelson, Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa, Laitinen, Jaana, Vaara, Sarianna, Glaser, Beate, Crawford, Peter, Timpson, Nicholas J., Ring, Susan M., Deng, Guohong, Zhang, Weihua, McCarthy, Mark I., Deloukas, Panos, Peltonen, Leena, Elliott, Paul, Coin, Lachlan J. M., Smith, George Davey and Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta 2010. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Multiple Loci Associated with Primary Tooth Development during Infancy. PLoS Genetics. 6 (2), p. e1000856.
The Effects of Pay for Performance on Disparities in Stroke, Hypertension, and Coronary Heart Disease Management: Interrupted Time Series Study
Ross, Joseph S., Lee, John Tayu, Netuveli, G., Majeed, Azeem and Millett, Christopher 2011. The Effects of Pay for Performance on Disparities in Stroke, Hypertension, and Coronary Heart Disease Management: Interrupted Time Series Study. PLoS ONE. 6 (12), p. e27236.
The orthopaedic error index: development and application of a novel national indicator for assessing the relative safety of hospital care using a cross-sectional approach
Panesar, S. S., Netuveli, G., Carson-Stevens, A., Javad, S., Patel, B., Parry, G., Donaldson, L. J. and Sheikh, A. 2013. The orthopaedic error index: development and application of a novel national indicator for assessing the relative safety of hospital care using a cross-sectional approach. BMJ Open. 3 (11), p. e003448.
A multilevel analysis of the association between social networks and support on leisure time physical activity: evidence from 40 disadvantaged areas in London
Yu, Ge, Renton, A., Schmidt, Elena, Tobi, Patrick, Bertotti, M., Watts, P. and Lais, Shahana 2011. A multilevel analysis of the association between social networks and support on leisure time physical activity: evidence from 40 disadvantaged areas in London. Health & Place. 17 (5), pp. 1023-1029.
The influence of environmental factors on the generalisability of public health research evidence: physical activity as a worked example
Watts, P., Phillips, Gemma, Harden, A. and Renton, A. 2011. The influence of environmental factors on the generalisability of public health research evidence: physical activity as a worked example. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity. 8 (1), pp. 1479-5868.