Characterizing Heterogeneity in Neuroimaging, Cognition, Clinical Symptoms, and Genetics Among Patients With Late-Life Depression

Article

Wen, J., Fu, C. H. Y., Tosun, D., Veturi, Y., Yang, Z., Abdulkadir, A., Mamourian, E., Srinivasan, D., Skampardoni, I., Singh, A., Nawani, H., Bao, J., Erus, G., Shou, H., Habes, M., Doshi, J., Varol, E., Mackin, R. S., Sotiras, A., Fan, Y., Saykin, A. J., Sheline, Y. I., Shen, L., Ritchie, M. D., Wolk, D. A., Albert, M., Resnick, S. M. and Davatzikos, C. 2022. Characterizing Heterogeneity in Neuroimaging, Cognition, Clinical Symptoms, and Genetics Among Patients With Late-Life Depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 79 (5), pp. 464-474. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0020
AuthorsWen, J., Fu, C. H. Y., Tosun, D., Veturi, Y., Yang, Z., Abdulkadir, A., Mamourian, E., Srinivasan, D., Skampardoni, I., Singh, A., Nawani, H., Bao, J., Erus, G., Shou, H., Habes, M., Doshi, J., Varol, E., Mackin, R. S., Sotiras, A., Fan, Y., Saykin, A. J., Sheline, Y. I., Shen, L., Ritchie, M. D., Wolk, D. A., Albert, M., Resnick, S. M. and Davatzikos, C.
Abstract

Importance:
Late-life depression (LLD) is characterized by considerable heterogeneity in clinical manifestation. Unraveling such heterogeneity might aid in elucidating etiological mechanisms and support precision and individualized medicine.

Objective:
To cross-sectionally and longitudinally delineate disease-related heterogeneity in LLD associated with neuroanatomy, cognitive functioning, clinical symptoms, and genetic profiles.

Design, Setting, and Participants:
The Imaging-Based Coordinate System for Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases (iSTAGING) study is an international multicenter consortium investigating brain aging in pooled and harmonized data from 13 studies with more than 35 000 participants, including a subset of individuals with major depressive disorder. Multimodal data from a multicenter sample (N = 996), including neuroimaging, neurocognitive assessments, and genetics, were analyzed in this study. A semisupervised clustering method (heterogeneity through discriminative analysis) was applied to regional gray matter (GM) brain volumes to derive dimensional representations. Data were collected from July 2017 to July 2020 and analyzed from July 2020 to December 2021.

Main Outcomes and Measures:
Two dimensions were identified to delineate LLD-associated heterogeneity in voxelwise GM maps, white matter (WM) fractional anisotropy, neurocognitive functioning, clinical phenotype, and genetics.

Results:
A total of 501 participants with LLD (mean [SD] age, 67.39 [5.56] years; 332 women) and 495 healthy control individuals (mean [SD] age, 66.53 [5.16] years; 333 women) were included. Patients in dimension 1 demonstrated relatively preserved brain anatomy without WM disruptions relative to healthy control individuals. In contrast, patients in dimension 2 showed widespread brain atrophy and WM integrity disruptions, along with cognitive impairment and higher depression severity. Moreover, 1 de novo independent genetic variant (rs13120336; chromosome: 4, 186387714; minor allele, G) was significantly associated with dimension 1 (odds ratio, 2.35; SE, 0.15; P = 3.14 ×10⁸) but not with dimension 2. The 2 dimensions demonstrated significant single-nucleotide variant–based heritability of 18% to 27% within the general population (N = 12 518 in UK Biobank). In a subset of individuals having longitudinal measurements, those in dimension 2 experienced a more rapid longitudinal change in GM and brain age (Cohen ƒ² = 0.03; P = .02) and were more likely to progress to Alzheimer disease (Cohen ƒ² = 0.03; P = .03) compared with those in dimension 1 (N = 1431 participants and 7224 scans from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative [ADNI], Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging [BLSA], and Biomarkers for Older Controls at Risk for Dementia [BIOCARD] data sets).

Conclusions and Relevance:
This study characterized heterogeneity in LLD into 2 dimensions with distinct neuroanatomical, cognitive, clinical, and genetic profiles. This dimensional approach provides a potential mechanism for investigating the heterogeneity of LLD and the relevance of the latent dimensions to possible disease mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and responses to interventions.

JournalJAMA Psychiatry
Journal citation79 (5), pp. 464-474
ISSN2168-622X
Year2022
PublisherAmerican Medical Association
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Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0020
Publication dates
Online09 Mar 2022
Publication process dates
Accepted19 Dec 2021
Deposited29 Mar 2023
FunderNational Institutes of Health
National Institute of Aging
Copyright holder© 2022, American Medical Association
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Han, L. K. M., Dinga, R., Hahn, T., Ching, C. R. K., Eyler, L. T., Aftanas, L., Aghajani, M., Aleman, A., Baune, B. T., Berger, K., Brak, I., Filho, G. B., Carballedo, A., Connolly, C. G., Couvy-Duchesne, B., Cullen, K. R., Dannlowski, U., Davey, C. G., Dima, D., Duran, F. L. S., Enneking, V., Filimonova, E., Frenzel, S., Frodl, T., Fu, C., Godlewska, B. R., Gotlib, I. H., Grabe, H. J., Groenewold, N. A., Grotegerd, D., Gruber, O., Hall, G. B., Harrison, B. J., Hatton, S. N., Hermesdorf, M., Hickie, I. B., Ho, T. C., Hosten, N., Jansen, A., Kähler, B., Kircher, T., Klimes-Dougan, B., Krämer, B., Krug, A., Lagopoulos, J., Leenings, R., MacMaster, F. P., MacQueen, G., McIntosh, A., McLellan, Q., McMahon, K. L., Medland, S. E., Mueller, B. A., Mwangi, B., Osipov, E., Portella, M. J., Pozzi, E., Reneman, L., Repple, J., Rosa, P. G. P., Sacchet, M. D., Sämann, P. G., Schnell, K., Schrantee, A., Simulionyte, E., Soares, J. C., Sommer, J., Stein, D. J., Steinsträter, O., Strike, L. T., Thomopoulos, S. I., van Tol, M., Veer, I. M., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., Walter, H., van der Wee, N. J. A., van der Werff, S. J. A., Whalley, H., Winter, N. R., Wittfeld, K., Wright, M. J., Wu, M., Völzke, H., Yang, T. T., Zannias, V., de Zubicaray, G. I., Zunta-Soares, G. B., Abé, C., Alda, M., Andreassen, O. A., Bøen, E., Bonnin, C. M., Canales-Rodriguez, E. J., Cannon, D., Caseras, X., Chaim-Avancini, T. M., Elvsåshagen, T., Favre, P., Foley, S. F., Fullerton, J. M., Goikolea, J. M., Haarman, B. C. M., Hajek, T., Henry, C., Houenou, J., Howells, F. M., Ingvar, M., Kuplicki, R., Lafer, B., Landén, M., Machado-Vieira, R., Malt, U. F., McDonald, C., Mitchell, P. B., Nabulsi, L., Concepcion Garcia Otaduy, M., Overs, B. J., Polosan, M., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Radua, J., Rive, M. M., Roberts, G., Ruhe, H. G., Salvador, R., Sarró, S., Satterthwaite, T. D., Savitz, J., Schene, A. H., Schofield, P. R., Serpa, M. H., Sim, K., Gerhardt Soeiro-de-Souza, M., Sutherland, A. N., Temmingh, H. S., Timmons, G. M., Uhlmann, A., Vieta, E., Wolf, D. H., Zanetti, M. V., Jahanshad, N., Thompson, P. M., Veltman, D. J., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Marquand, A. F., Cole J. H. and Schmaal, L. 2020. Brain aging in major depressive disorder: results from the ENIGMA major depressive disorder working group. Molecular Psychiatry. 26, pp. 5124-5139. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0754-0
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor association with amygdala response in major depressive disorder
Lorenzetti, V., Costafreda, S. G., Rimmer, R., Rasenick, M. M., Marangell, L. B. and Fu, C. 2020. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor association with amygdala response in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 267, pp. 103-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.159
The Neuroscience of Sadness: A Multidisciplinary Synthesis and Collaborative Review for the Human Affectome Project
Arias, J. A., Williams, C., Raghvani, R., Aghajani, M., Baez, S., Belzung, C., Booij, L., Busatto, G., Chiarella, J., Fu, C., Ibanez, A., Liddell, B. J., Lowe, L., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Rosa, P. and Kemp, A. H. 2020. The Neuroscience of Sadness: A Multidisciplinary Synthesis and Collaborative Review for the Human Affectome Project. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 111, pp. 199-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.006
Addressing heterogeneity (and homogeneity) in treatment mechanisms in depression and the potential to develop diagnostic and predictive biomarkers
Fu, C., Fan, Y. and Davatzikos, C. 2019. Addressing heterogeneity (and homogeneity) in treatment mechanisms in depression and the potential to develop diagnostic and predictive biomarkers. NeuroImage: Clinical. 24 (Art.101997). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101997
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of non-surgical brain stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes in adults: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Mutz, Julian, Vipulananthan, Vijeinika, Carter, Ben, Hurlemann, René, Fu, C. and Young, Allan H. 2019. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of non-surgical brain stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes in adults: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 364, p. Art. l1079. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1079
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the neural correlates of psychological therapies in major depression
Sankar, Anjali, Melin, Alice, Lorenzetti, Valentina, Horton, Paul, Costafreda, Sergi G. and Fu, C. 2018. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the neural correlates of psychological therapies in major depression. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 279, pp. 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.07.002
Efficacy and acceptability of non-invasive brain stimulation for the treatment of adult unipolar and bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised sham-controlled trials
Mutz, Julian, Edgcumbe, Daniel R., Brunoni, Andre R. and Fu, C. 2018. Efficacy and acceptability of non-invasive brain stimulation for the treatment of adult unipolar and bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised sham-controlled trials. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 92, pp. 291-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.015
Predictors of amygdala activation during the processing of emotional stimuli: A meta-analysis of 385 PET and fMRI studies
Costafreda, Sergi G., Brammer, Michael J., David, Anthony S. and Fu, C. 2007. Predictors of amygdala activation during the processing of emotional stimuli: A meta-analysis of 385 PET and fMRI studies. Brain Research Reviews. 58 (1), pp. 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.012
Neural basis of the emotional Stroop interference effect in major depression
Mitterschiffthaler, M. T., Williams, S. C. R., Walsh, N. D., Cleare, A. J., Donaldson, C., Scott, J. and Fu, C. 2008. Neural basis of the emotional Stroop interference effect in major depression. Psychological Medicine. 38 (02), pp. 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001523
Pattern Classification of Sad Facial Processing: Toward the Development of Neurobiological Markers in Depression
Fu, C., Mourao-Miranda, Janaina, Costafreda, Sergi G., Khanna, Akash, Marquand, Andre F., Williams, Steve C.R. and Brammer, Michael J. 2008. Pattern Classification of Sad Facial Processing: Toward the Development of Neurobiological Markers in Depression. Biological Psychiatry. 63 (7), pp. 656-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.020
Neural Responses to Sad Facial Expressions in Major Depression Following Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Fu, C., Williams, Steven C.R., Cleare, Anthony J., Scott, Jan, Mitterschiffthaler, Martina T., Walsh, Nicholas D., Donaldson, Catherine, Suckling, John, Andrew, Chris, Steiner, Herbert and Murray, Robin M. 2008. Neural Responses to Sad Facial Expressions in Major Depression Following Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Biological Psychiatry. 64 (6), pp. 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.033
Neuroanatomy of verbal working memory as a diagnostic biomarker for depression
Marquand, Andre F., Mourão-Miranda, Janaina, Brammer, Michael J., Cleare, Anthony J. and Fu, C. 2008. Neuroanatomy of verbal working memory as a diagnostic biomarker for depression. NeuroReport. 19 (15), pp. 1507-1511. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328310425e
Neural correlates of sad faces predict clinical remission to cognitive behavioural therapy in depression
Costafreda, Sergi G., Khanna, Akash, Mourao-Miranda, Janaina and Fu, C. 2009. Neural correlates of sad faces predict clinical remission to cognitive behavioural therapy in depression. NeuroReport. 20 (7), pp. 637-641. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283294159
Amygdala activation to masked happy facial expressions
Juruena, Mario F., Giampietro, Vincent P., Smith, Stephen D., Surguladze, Simon A., Dalton, Jeffrey A., Benson, Philip J., Cleare, Anthony J. and Fu, C. 2010. Amygdala activation to masked happy facial expressions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 16 (02), pp. 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709991172
Subregional hippocampal deformations in major depressive disorder
Cole, James, Toga, Arthur W., Hojatkashani, Cornelius, Thompson, Paul, Costafreda, Sergi G., Cleare, Anthony J., Williams, Steven C.R., Bullmore, Edward T., Scott, Jan L., Mitterschiffthaler, Martina T., Walsh, Nicholas D., Donaldson, Catherine, Mirza, Mubeena, Marquand, Andre, Nosarti, Chiara, McGuffin, Peter and Fu, C. 2010. Subregional hippocampal deformations in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 126 (1-2), pp. 272-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.004
Ketamine-Induced Disruption of Verbal Self-Monitoring Linked to Superior Temporal Activation
Stone, J. M., Abel, K. M., Allen, M.P.G., van Haren, N., Matsumoto, K., McGuire, P. K. and Fu, C. 2010. Ketamine-Induced Disruption of Verbal Self-Monitoring Linked to Superior Temporal Activation. Pharmacopsychiatry. 44 (1), pp. 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1267942
Machine learning classification with confidence: Application of transductive conformal predictors to MRI-based diagnostic and prognostic markers in depression
Nouretdinov, Ilia, Costafreda, Sergi G., Gammerman, Alexander, Chervonenkis, Alexey, Vovk, Vladimir, Vapnik, Vladimir and Fu, C. 2011. Machine learning classification with confidence: Application of transductive conformal predictors to MRI-based diagnostic and prognostic markers in depression. NeuroImage. 56 (2), pp. 809-813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.023
Cortisol responses to serial MRI scans in healthy adults and in depression
Peters, Sabine, Cleare, Anthony J., Papadopoulos, Andrew and Fu, C. 2011. Cortisol responses to serial MRI scans in healthy adults and in depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36 (5), pp. 737-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.009
No effect of 5HTTLPR or BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on hippocampal morphology in major depression
Cole, J., Weinberger, D. R., Mattay, V. S., Cheng, X., Toga, A. W., Thompson, P. M., Powell-Smith, G., Cohen-Woods, S., Simmons, A., McGuffin, P. and Fu, C. 2011. No effect of 5HTTLPR or BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on hippocampal morphology in major depression. Genes, Brain and Behavior. 10 (7), pp. 756-764. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2011.00714.x
Hippocampal atrophy in first episode depression: A meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies
Cole, James, Costafreda, Sergi G., McGuffin, Peter and Fu, C. 2011. Hippocampal atrophy in first episode depression: A meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of Affective Disorders. 134 (1-3), pp. 483-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.057
Interaction between effects of genes coding for dopamine and glutamate transmission on striatal and parahippocampal function
Pauli, Andreina, Prata, Diana P., Mechelli, Andrea, Picchioni, Marco, Fu, C., Chaddock, Christopher A., Kane, Fergus, Kalidindi, Sridevi, McDonald, Colm, Kravariti, Eugenia, Toulopoulou, Timothea, Bramon, Elvira, Walshe, Muriel, Ehlert, Natascha, Georgiades, Anna, Murray, Robin, Collier, David A. and McGuire, Philip 2012. Interaction between effects of genes coding for dopamine and glutamate transmission on striatal and parahippocampal function. Human Brain Mapping. 34 (9), pp. 2244-2258. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22061
White matter abnormalities and illness severity in major depressive disorder
Cole, James, Chaddock, Christopher A., Farmer, Anne E., Aitchison, Katherine J., Simmons, Andrew, McGuffin, Peter and Fu, C. 2012. White matter abnormalities and illness severity in major depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 201 (01), pp. 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.100594
Predictive neural biomarkers of clinical response in depression: A meta-analysis of functional and structural neuroimaging studies of pharmacological and psychological therapies
Fu, C., Steiner, Herbert and Costafreda, Sergi G. 2013. Predictive neural biomarkers of clinical response in depression: A meta-analysis of functional and structural neuroimaging studies of pharmacological and psychological therapies. Neurobiology of Disease. 52, pp. 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2012.05.008
Modulation of amygdala response and connectivity in depression by serotonin transporter polymorphism and diagnosis
Costafreda, Sergi G., McCann, Peter, Saker, Pascal, Cole, James H., Cohen-Woods, Sarah, Farmer, Anne E., Aitchison, Katherine J., McGuffin, Peter and Fu, C. 2013. Modulation of amygdala response and connectivity in depression by serotonin transporter polymorphism and diagnosis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 150 (1), pp. 96-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.028
Modafinil Augmentation Therapy in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression
Goss, Alexander J., Kaser, Muzaffer, Costafreda, Sergi G., Sahakian, Barbara J. and Fu, C. 2013. Modafinil Augmentation Therapy in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 74 (11), pp. 1101-1107. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13r08560
Other race effect on amygdala response during affective facial processing in major depression
Sankar, Anjali, Costafreda, Sergi G., Marangell, Lauren B. and Fu, C. 2018. Other race effect on amygdala response during affective facial processing in major depression. Neuroscience Letters. 662, pp. 381-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.043
The effect of psychosis associated CACNA1C, and its epistasis with ZNF804A, on brain function
Tecelão, Diogo, Mendes, Ana, Martins, Daniel, Fu, C., Chaddock, Christopher A, Picchioni, Marco M, McDonald, Colm, Kalidindi, Sridevi, Murray, Robin and Prata, Diana P 2018. The effect of psychosis associated CACNA1C, and its epistasis with ZNF804A, on brain function. Genes, Brain and Behavior. 18 (4), p. e12510. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12510
Unravelling the GSK3β-related genotypic interaction network influencing hippocampal volume in recurrent major depressive disorder
Inkster, Becky, Simmons, Andy, Cole, James, Schoof, Erwin, Linding, Rune, Nichols, Tom, Muglia, Pierandrea, Holsboer, Florian, Saemann, Philipp, McGuffin, Peter, Fu, C., Miskowiak, Kamilla, Matthews, Paul M., Zai, Gwyneth and Nicodemus, Kristin 2018. Unravelling the GSK3β-related genotypic interaction network influencing hippocampal volume in recurrent major depressive disorder. Psychiatric Genetics. 28 (5), pp. 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1097/YPG.0000000000000203
Associations between polygenic risk scores for four psychiatric illnesses and brain structure using multivariate pattern recognition
Ranlund, Siri, Rosa, Maria Joao, de Jong, Simone, Cole, James H., Kyriakopoulos, Marinos, Fu, C., Mehta, Mitul A. and Dima, Danai 2018. Associations between polygenic risk scores for four psychiatric illnesses and brain structure using multivariate pattern recognition. NeuroImage: Clinical. 20, pp. 1026-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2018.10.008
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances reflective judgment & decision-making
Edgcumbe, Daniel R., Thoma, V., Rivolta, Davide, Nitsche, Michael A. and Fu, C. 2018. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances reflective judgment & decision-making. Brain Stimulation. 12 (3), pp. 652-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.003
Effects of antidepressant therapy on neural components of verbal working memory in depression
Sankar, Anjali, Adams, Tracey M, Costafreda, Sergi G. and Fu, C. 2017. Effects of antidepressant therapy on neural components of verbal working memory in depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 31 (9), pp. 1176-1183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117724594
Body mass index, but not FTO genotype or major depressive disorder, influences brain structure
Cole, J.H., Boyle, C.P., Simmons, A., Cohen-Woods, S., Rivera, M., McGuffin, P., Thompson, P.M. and Fu, C. 2013. Body mass index, but not FTO genotype or major depressive disorder, influences brain structure. Neuroscience. 252 (Nov.), pp. 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.015
Classification of Major Depressive Disorder via Multi-Site Weighted LASSO Model
Zhu, Dajiang, Riedel, Brandalyn C., Jahanshad, Neda, Groenewold, Nynke A., Stein, Dan J., Gotlib, Ian H., Dima, Danai, Cole, James H., Fu, C., Walter, Henrik, Veer, Ilya M., Frodl, Thomas, Schmaal, Lianne, Veltman, Dick J. and Thompson, Paul M. 2017. Classification of Major Depressive Disorder via Multi-Site Weighted LASSO Model. in: Descoteaux, Maxime, Maier-Hein, Lena, Franz, Alfred, Jannin, Pierre, Collins, D. Louis and Duchesne, Simon (ed.) Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention − MICCAI 2017 Springer, Cham.
Recent Advances in Neuroimaging of Mood Disorders: Structural and Functional Neural Correlates of Depression, Changes with Therapy, and Potential for Clinical Biomarkers
Atkinson, Lauren, Sankar, Anjali, Adams, Tracey M. and Fu, C. 2014. Recent Advances in Neuroimaging of Mood Disorders: Structural and Functional Neural Correlates of Depression, Changes with Therapy, and Potential for Clinical Biomarkers. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry. 1 (3), pp. 278-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-014-0022-5
Common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume alteration in major depression and bipolar disorder: evidence from voxel-based meta-analysis
Wise, T., Radua, J., Via, E., Cardoner, N., Abe, O., Adams, T. M., Amico, F., Cheng, Y., Cole, J. H., de Azevedo Marques Périco, C., Dickstein, D. P., Farrow, T. F. D., Frodl, T., Wagner, G., Gotlib, I. H., Gruber, O., Ham, B. J., Job, D. E., Kempton, M. J., Kim, M. J., Koolschijn, P. C. M. P., Malhi, G. S., Mataix-Cols, D., McIntosh, A. M., Nugent, A. C., O'Brien, J. T.., Pezzoli, S, Phillips, M. L., Sachdev, P. S., Salvadore, G., Selvaraj, S., Stanfield, A. C., Thomas, A. J., van Tol, M. J., van der Wee, N. J. A., Veltman, D. J., Young, A. H., Fu, C., Cleare, A. J. and Arnone, D. 2016. Common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume alteration in major depression and bipolar disorder: evidence from voxel-based meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.72
Diagnostic potential of structural neuroimaging for depression from a multi-ethnic community sample
Sankar, Anjali, Zhang, Tianhao, Gaonkar, Bilwaj, Doshi, Jimit, Erus, Guray, Costafreda, Sergi G., Marangell, Lauren, Davatzikos, Christos and Fu, C. 2016. Diagnostic potential of structural neuroimaging for depression from a multi-ethnic community sample. BJPsych Open. 2 (4), pp. 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002493
Meta-analyses of structural regional cerebral effects in type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Moulton, Calum D., Costafreda, Sergi G., Horton, Paul, Ismail, Khalida and Fu, C. 2015. Meta-analyses of structural regional cerebral effects in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Brain Imaging and Behavior. 9 (4), pp. 651-662.
A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations
Lomas, T., Ivtzan, I. and Fu, C. 2015. A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 57, pp. 401-410.
Multimodal functional and structural neuroimaging investigation of major depressive disorder following treatment with duloxetine
Fu, C., Costafreda, Sergi G, Sankar, Anjali, Adams, Tracey M, Rasenick, Mark M, Liu, Peng, Donati, Robert, Maglanoc, Luigi A, Horton, Paul and Marangell, Lauren B 2015. Multimodal functional and structural neuroimaging investigation of major depressive disorder following treatment with duloxetine. BMC Psychiatry. 15 (1).
Neural effects of cognitive–behavioural therapy on dysfunctional attitudes in depression
Sankar, A., Scott, J., Paszkiewicz, A., Giampietro, V. P., Steiner, H. and Fu, C. 2014. Neural effects of cognitive–behavioural therapy on dysfunctional attitudes in depression. Psychological Medicine. 45 (7), pp. 1425-1433.
Modulatory effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism on prefrontal regions in major depressive disorder
Legge, R. M., Sendi, S., Cole, J. H., Cohen-Woods, S., Costafreda, S. G., Simmons, A., Farmer, A. E., Aitchison, K. J., McGuffin, P. and Fu, C. 2015. Modulatory effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism on prefrontal regions in major depressive disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 206 (5), pp. 379-384.
Prognostic and Diagnostic Potential of the Structural Neuroanatomy of Depression
Domschke, Katharina, Costafreda, Sergi G., Chu, Carlton, Ashburner, John and Fu, C. 2009. Prognostic and Diagnostic Potential of the Structural Neuroanatomy of Depression. PLoS ONE. 4 (7), p. e6353.
Pattern of neural responses to verbal fluency shows diagnostic specificity for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Costafreda, Sergi G, Fu, C., Picchioni, Marco, Toulopoulou, Timothea, McDonald, Colm, Kravariti, Eugenia, Walshe, Muriel, Prata, Diana, Murray, Robin M and McGuire, Philip K 2011. Pattern of neural responses to verbal fluency shows diagnostic specificity for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 11 (1), p. 18.
Neuroimaging-Based Biomarkers in Psychiatry: Clinical Opportunities of a Paradigm Shift
Fu, C. and Costafreda, Sergi G. 2013. Neuroimaging-Based Biomarkers in Psychiatry: Clinical Opportunities of a Paradigm Shift. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 58 (9), pp. 499-508.