Salvinorin A content in legal high products of Salvia divinorum sold in Mexico

Article


Hernández-Bello, Rafael, García-Rodríguez, Rosa Virginia, García-Sosa, Karlina, Peña-Rodríguez, Luis Manuel, Vázquez-Hernández, Maribel, Ramos-Morales, Fernando Rafael, Corcoran, O. and Alberto, Sánchez-Medina 2015. Salvinorin A content in legal high products of Salvia divinorum sold in Mexico. Forensic Science International. 249 (April), pp. 197-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.038
AuthorsHernández-Bello, Rafael, García-Rodríguez, Rosa Virginia, García-Sosa, Karlina, Peña-Rodríguez, Luis Manuel, Vázquez-Hernández, Maribel, Ramos-Morales, Fernando Rafael, Corcoran, O. and Alberto, Sánchez-Medina
Abstract

Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae) is a herb native to Mexico where is used by Mazatec shamans for spiritual and divination purposes. S. divinorum products are easily available to consumers and are used worldwide as legal highs because of the hallucinogenic effects caused mainly by salvinorin A. Highly popular videos and websites in the internet depicting the use of S. divinorum products have contributed to an increase in their consumption. Recent reports have highlighted the potential of these products to induce psychosis in consumers. In Mexico, dried leaf extracts of S. divinorum are sold in different strengths, claiming to correlate with increasing amounts of salvinorin A. In order to determine the variability of salvinorin A content between brands and to investigate possible correlation between brand strengths, this study sought to quantify salvinorin A in commercial products available in Mexico using an HPLC method. The HPLC analytical method showed a correlation coefficient R2 > 0.99, with LOD of 0.44 μg/mL and LOQ of 1.34 μg/mL. The retention time for salvinorin A was 23.09 ± 0.95 min and the measured concentrations ranged between 8.32 ± 0.65 to 56.52 ± 3.77 mg/g dried leaf. The results for brand c did not show an agreement between the declared and the calculated amount of salvinorin A. Additionally, the emergence in Mexico of high strength salvia products (100x), the lack of regulation and the observed variability of salvinorin A content between brands of commercial legal highs products of S. divinorum could result in a health problem for consumers.

KeywordsLegal highs; HPLC method; Salvia divinorum; salvinorin A
JournalForensic Science International
Journal citation249 (April), pp. 197-201
ISSN03790738
Year2015
PublisherElsevier
Accepted author manuscript
License
CC BY
Accepted author manuscript
License
CC BY
Accepted author manuscript
License
CC BY
Accepted author manuscript
License
CC BY
Accepted author manuscript
License
CC BY
Accepted author manuscript
License
CC BY
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.038
Publication dates
Print07 Feb 2015
Publication process dates
Deposited16 Feb 2015
Accepted26 Jan 2015
FunderConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México
Universidad Veracruzana
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
Universidad Veracruzana
Permalink -

https://repository.uel.ac.uk/item/85735

Download files


Accepted author manuscript
table(3).csv
License: CC BY

table(4).csv
License: CC BY

table(5).csv
License: CC BY

  • 1681
    total views
  • 2020
    total downloads
  • 48
    views this month
  • 26
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Prebiotics may alter bile salt hydrolase activity: Possible implications for cholesterol metabolism
Adebola, O., Corcoran, O. and Morgan, W. 2020. Prebiotics may alter bile salt hydrolase activity: Possible implications for cholesterol metabolism. PharmaNutrition. 12 (Art. 100182). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100182
G-protein αq gene expression plays a role in alcohol tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster
Aleyakpo, B., Umukoro, O., Kavlie, R., Ranson, D., Thompsett, A., Corcoran, O. and Casalotti, S. 2019. G-protein αq gene expression plays a role in alcohol tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Brain and Neuroscience Advances. 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2398212819883081
From Scutellaria barbata to BZL101 in Cancer Patients: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Evidence
Gao, J., Yin, W. and Corcoran, O. 2019. From Scutellaria barbata to BZL101 in Cancer Patients: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Evidence. Natural Product Communications. 14 (10). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X19880645
The Role of Oestrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ) in the Aetiology and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ofosu, W. A., Mohamed, D., Corcoran, O. and Ojo, O. 2019. The Role of Oestrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ) in the Aetiology and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Current Diabetes Reviews. 15 (2), pp. 100-104. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399814666180119141836
Pharmacological targeting of the GABAʙ receptor alters Drosophila's behavioural responses to alcohol
Ranson, D., Ayoub, S., Corcoran, O. and Casalotti, S. 2019. Pharmacological targeting of the GABAʙ receptor alters Drosophila's behavioural responses to alcohol. Addiction Biology. 25 (Art. e12725). https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12725
Pharmacological Modulation of Alcohol Tolerance via GABA-B receptors in Drosophila melanogaster
Ranson, D., Ayoub, S., Corcoran, O. and Casalotti, S. 2018. Pharmacological Modulation of Alcohol Tolerance via GABA-B receptors in Drosophila melanogaster. 11th FENS Forum of Neuroscience. Berlin, Germany 07 - 11 Jul 2018
Naltrexone Reverses Ethanol Preference and Protein Kinase C Activation in Drosophila melanogaster
Koyyada, Rajeswari, Latchooman, Nilesh, Jonaitis, Julius, Ayoub, S., Corcoran, O. and Casalotti, S. 2018. Naltrexone Reverses Ethanol Preference and Protein Kinase C Activation in Drosophila melanogaster. Frontiers in Physiology. 9 (175), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00175
Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects (Study Data)
Dawkins, L., Kimber, C., Doig, Mira, Feyerabend, Colin and Corcoran, O. 2018. Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects (Study Data). The University of East London. https://doi.org/10.15123/DATA.00000223
Identification and preliminary structure-activity relationship studies of novel pyridyl sulfonamides as potential Chagas disease therapeutic agents
Peres, Raiza Brandão, Ullah, Asma Inam, de Almeida Fiuza, Ludmila Ferreira, Silva, Patricia Bernardino, Batista, Marcos M., Corcoran, O., Reddy, T. and de Nazaré Correia Soeiro, Maria 2018. Identification and preliminary structure-activity relationship studies of novel pyridyl sulfonamides as potential Chagas disease therapeutic agents. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 28 (11), pp. 2018-2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.064
Compensatory Puffing With Lower Nicotine Concentration E-liquids Increases Carbonyl Exposure in E-cigarette Aerosols
Kośmider, Leon, Kimber, C., Kurek, Jolanta, Corcoran, O. and Dawkins, Lynne E. 2018. Compensatory Puffing With Lower Nicotine Concentration E-liquids Increases Carbonyl Exposure in E-cigarette Aerosols. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 20 (8), pp. 998-1003. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx162
Synbiotics: the impact of potential prebiotics inulin, lactulose and lactobionic acid on the survival and growth of lactobacilli probiotics
Adebola, Oluwakemi Obasola, Corcoran, O. and Morgan, Winston A. 2014. Synbiotics: the impact of potential prebiotics inulin, lactulose and lactobionic acid on the survival and growth of lactobacilli probiotics. Journal of Functional Foods. 10, pp. 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.05.010
Silymarin content in Silybum marianum extracts as a biomarker for the quality of commercial tinctures
Pendry, B., Kemp, Virginia, Hughes, Michael J., Freeman, Julia, Nuhu, Hanny K., Sanchez-Medina, Alberto, Corcoran, O. and Galante, E. 2017. Silymarin content in Silybum marianum extracts as a biomarker for the quality of commercial tinctures. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 10, pp. 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2017.07.001
The Role of G Protein In Alcohol Related Behaviours Using Drosophila melanogaster As A Model
Aleyakpo, B., Umokoro, Oghenetega, Corcoran, O. and Casalotti, S. 2015. The Role of G Protein In Alcohol Related Behaviours Using Drosophila melanogaster As A Model. British Pharmacological Society Annual meeting. London Dec 2015 PA2 online British Pharmacological Society. pp. 307-307
Ethanol-induced G-protein subunit expression changes in D2 receptor deficient Drosophila
Umokoro, Oghenetega, Corcoran, O., Thompsett, Andrew and Casalotti, S. 2015. Ethanol-induced G-protein subunit expression changes in D2 receptor deficient Drosophila. British Neuroscience Association Festival 2015. Edinburgh, UK 12 - 15 Apr 2015 British Neuroscience Association. pp. 297-297
Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects
Dawkins, Lynne E., Kimber, Catherine F., Doig, Mira, Feyerabend, Colin and Corcoran, O. 2016. Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects. Psychopharmacology. 233 (15), pp. 2933-2941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4338-2
Hit Discovery from Natural Products in Pharmaceutical R&D
Corcoran, O. 2015. Hit Discovery from Natural Products in Pharmaceutical R&D. Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance. 4 (2), pp. 455-462. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470034590.emrstm1432
Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users
Dawkins, L. and Corcoran, O. 2014. Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users. Psychopharmacology. 231 (2), pp. 401-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3249-8
Fibroblast growth stimulation, DPPH antioxidant assay and antimicrobial activities of Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf (Apocynaceae) leaf extracts
Osei-Djarbeng, Samuel N., Cutler, S., Cutler, Ronald R. and Corcoran, O. 2014. Fibroblast growth stimulation, DPPH antioxidant assay and antimicrobial activities of Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf (Apocynaceae) leaf extracts. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 4 (7), pp. 835-843. https://doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2014/9316
Protective effects of prebiotics inulin and lactulose from cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human colon adenocarcinoma cells
Adebola, O., Corcoran, O. and Morgan, W. 2013. Protective effects of prebiotics inulin and lactulose from cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Food Research International. 52 (1), pp. 269-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.024
Anglo-Saxon pharmacopoeia revisited: a potential treasure in drug discovery
Watkins, Frances, Pendry, B., Corcoran, O. and Sanchez-Medina, Alberto 2011. Anglo-Saxon pharmacopoeia revisited: a potential treasure in drug discovery. Drug Discovery Today. 16 (23-24), pp. 1069-1075.
Antimicrobial assays of three native British plants used in Anglo-Saxon medicine for wound healing formulations in 10th century England
Watkins, F., Pendry, B., Sanchez-Medina, A. and Corcoran, O. 2012. Antimicrobial assays of three native British plants used in Anglo-Saxon medicine for wound healing formulations in 10th century England. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 144 (2), pp. 408-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.031
The metabolic profiling of exercise intervention: exercise metabolomics
Lyons, A., Corcoran, O., Culpan, J. and Carpenter, R. 2012. The metabolic profiling of exercise intervention: exercise metabolomics. Biomedical Basis of Elite Performance 2012. London, United Kingdom 19 - 21 Mar 2012 The Physiological Society.
Antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing activities of some Ghanaian medicinal plants
Osei-Djarbeng, S., Corcoran, O., Cutler, S. and Cutler, R. R. 2012. Antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing activities of some Ghanaian medicinal plants. International Journal of Indigenous Medicinal Plants. 28 (10), pp. 221-226.
The ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and the active compounds induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis including upregulation of p53 and Bax in human lung cancer cells
Gao, J., Morgan, W., Sanchez-Medina, A. and Corcoran, O. 2011. The ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and the active compounds induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis including upregulation of p53 and Bax in human lung cancer cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 254 (3), pp. 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.016
Ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro evaluation of wound-healing plants used in South-western Nigeria
Adetutu, A., Morgan, W. and Corcoran, O. 2011. Ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro evaluation of wound-healing plants used in South-western Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 137, pp. 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.073
Secondary metabolite mapping identifies Scutellaria inhibitors of human lung cancer cells
Gao, J., Zhao, H., Hylands, P. J. and Corcoran, O. 2010. Secondary metabolite mapping identifies Scutellaria inhibitors of human lung cancer cells. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 53 (3), pp. 723-728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.019
Antibacterial, antioxidant and fibroblast growth stimulation activity of crude extracts of Bridelia ferruginea leaf, a wound-healing plant of Nigeria
Adetutu, A., Morgan, W. and Corcoran, O. 2010. Antibacterial, antioxidant and fibroblast growth stimulation activity of crude extracts of Bridelia ferruginea leaf, a wound-healing plant of Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 133 (1), pp. 116-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.011
The Learning Gains and Student Perceptions of a Second Life Virtual Lab
Cobb, Stephanie, Heaney, Rose, Corcoran, O. and Henderson-Begg, Stephanie 2009. The Learning Gains and Student Perceptions of a Second Life Virtual Lab. Bioscience Education. https://doi.org/10.3108/beej.13.5
Triterpenoid saponins from a cytotoxic root extract of Sideroxylon foetidissimum subsp. gaumeri
Sanchez-Medina, A., Stevenson, P., Habtemariam, S., Peña-Rodríguez, L. M., Corcoran, O., Mallet, A. L. and Veitch, N. C. 2009. Triterpenoid saponins from a cytotoxic root extract of Sideroxylon foetidissimum subsp. gaumeri. Phytochemistry. 70 (6), pp. 765-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.03.014