The Effectiveness of DKIM and SPF in Strengthening Email Security

Conference paper

Sami, M., Elmedany, W. and Sharif, S. 2023. The Effectiveness of DKIM and SPF in Strengthening Email Security. FiCloud 2023: The 10th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud. Marrkech, Morocco 14 - 16 Aug 2023 IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FiCloud58648.2023.00068
AuthorsSami, M., Elmedany, W. and Sharif, S.
TypeConference paper
Abstract

Email security is critical to organizations, and to
improve it, frameworks such as Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) are used for authentication. In this paper, we compared the usefulness of SPF and DKIM in authenticating emails. Both frameworks deliver certain protection against email threats. However, DKIM was found to be more effective since it takes a more comprehensive approach. According to our findings, businesses should prioritize the deployment of DKIM as well as the Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC) framework to improve email security and resilience against email impersonation.

Year2023
ConferenceFiCloud 2023: The 10th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud
PublisherIEEE
Accepted author manuscript
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File Access Level
Anyone
Publication dates
Online29 Jan 2024
Publication process dates
Accepted14 Jun 2023
Deposited19 Jun 2023
Journal citationpp. 422-426
Book titleProceedings: 10th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud 2023)
Book editorAwan, I.
Younas, M.
Aleksy, M.
ISBN9798350316353
9798350316360
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1109/FiCloud58648.2023.00068
Web address (URL) of conference proceedingshttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome/10410629/proceeding
External resourceMobiApps 2023: International Workshop on Mobile Applications
Copyright holder© 2023, IEEE
Copyright informationPersonal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.
Additional information

This paper was presented in MobiApps 2023: International Workshop on Mobile Applications, which was co-located within The 10th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud 2023) and the 19th International Conference on Mobile Web and Intelligent Information Systems (MobiWIS 2023).

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An Effective Knowledge-Based Modeling Approach towards a “Smart-School Care Coordination System” for Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities
Hafidh, R., Sharif, S., Al-Bayatti, A. H., Alfakeeh, A. S., Alassafi, M. O. and Alqarni, M. A. 2020. An Effective Knowledge-Based Modeling Approach towards a “Smart-School Care Coordination System” for Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Symmetry. 12 (Art. 1495). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091495
A Machine-Learning-Based Approach to Predict the Health Impacts of Commuting in Large Cities: Case Study of London
Raj Theeng Tamang, M., Sharif, M. S., Al-Bayatti, A. H., Alfakeeh, A. S. and Omar Alsayed, A. 2020. A Machine-Learning-Based Approach to Predict the Health Impacts of Commuting in Large Cities: Case Study of London. Symmetry. 12 (Art. 866). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12050866
Semantic-Based Process Mining Technique for Annotation and Modelling of Domain Processes
Okoye, K., Islam, S., Naeem, U. and Sharif, S. 2020. Semantic-Based Process Mining Technique for Annotation and Modelling of Domain Processes. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control. 16 (3), pp. 899-921. https://doi.org/10.24507/ijicic.16.03.899
Positron emission tomography PET/CT harmonisation study of different clinical PET/CT scanners using commercially available software
Lowe, G., Spottiswoode, B., Declerck, J., Sullivan,, K., Sharif, S., Wong, W. and Sanghera, B. 2020. Positron emission tomography PET/CT harmonisation study of different clinical PET/CT scanners using commercially available software. BJR Open. 2 (Art. 20190035). https://doi.org/10.1259/bjro.20190035
An Accurate Ensemble Classifier for Medical Volume Analysis: Phantom and Clinical PET Study
Sharif, S., Abbod, M., Al-Bayatti, A., Amira, A., Alfakeeh, A. and Sanghera, B. 2020. An Accurate Ensemble Classifier for Medical Volume Analysis: Phantom and Clinical PET Study. IEEE Access. 8, pp. 37482-37494. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2975135
Variance Ranking for Multi-Classed Imbalanced Datasets: A Case Study of One-Versus-All
Ebenuwa, S., Sharif, S., Al-Nemrat, A., Al-Bayatti, A. H., Alalwan, N., Alzahrani, A. I. and Alfarraj, O. 2019. Variance Ranking for Multi-Classed Imbalanced Datasets: A Case Study of One-Versus-All. Symmetry. 11 (Art. 1504). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11121504
Policy-Based Security Management System for 5G Heterogeneous Networks
Alquhayz, H., Alalwan, N., Alzahrani, A. I., Al-Bayatti, A. H. and Sharif, S. 2019. Policy-Based Security Management System for 5G Heterogeneous Networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 2019 (Art. 4582391). https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4582391
A Framework for Augmented Reality Based Shared Experiences
Ali, A., Glackin, C., Cannings, N., Wall, J., Sharif, S. and Moniri, M. 2019. A Framework for Augmented Reality Based Shared Experiences. Immersive Learning Research Network - iLRN. London, UK 23 - 27 Jun 2019 Technischen Universität Graz. https://doi.org/10.3217/978-3-85125-657-4-24
A Deep Learning Based Suggested Model to Detect Necrotising Enterocolitis in Abdominal Radiography Images
Van Druten, J., Sharif, S., Chan, S. S., Chong, C. and Abdalla, H. 2019. A Deep Learning Based Suggested Model to Detect Necrotising Enterocolitis in Abdominal Radiography Images. IEEE International Conference on Computing, Electronics & Communications Engineering 2019 (IEEE iCCECE '19) . London Metropolitan University, London, UK 22 - 23 Aug 2019 IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/iCCECE46942.2019.8941615
Context-Aware Driver Distraction Severity Classification using LSTM Network
Fasanmade, A., Aliyu, S., He, Y., Al-Bayatti, A. H., Sharif, S. and Alfakeeh, A. S. 2019. Context-Aware Driver Distraction Severity Classification using LSTM Network. IEEE International Conference on Computing, Electronics & Communications Engineering 2019 (IEEE iCCECE '19) . London Metropolitan University, London, UK 22 - 23 Aug 2019 IEEE. pp. 147-152 https://doi.org/10.1109/iCCECE46942.2019.8941966
Predicting the Standard and Deviant Patterns In EEG Signals Based On Deep Learning Model
Sharif, S., Al-Bayatti, A. H. and Alfakeeh, A. S. 2019. Predicting the Standard and Deviant Patterns In EEG Signals Based On Deep Learning Model. IEEE International Conference on Computing, Electronics & Communications Engineering 2019 (IEEE iCCECE '19) . London Metropolitan University, London, UK 22 - 23 Aug 2019 IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/iCCECE46942.2019.8941730
Effect of PET Image Reconstruction Techniques on Unexpected Aorta Uptake
Hirji, H., Sullivan, K., Lasker, I., Sharif, S., Nunes, A., Shepherd, C., Wong, W. and Sanghera, B. 2019. Effect of PET Image Reconstruction Techniques on Unexpected Aorta Uptake. Molecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy. 28 (1), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4274/mirt.galenos.2018.88528
Variance Ranking Attributes Selection Techniques for Binary Classification Problem in Imbalance Data
Ebenuwa, S., Sharif, M., Alazab, Mamoun and Al-Nemrat, A. 2019. Variance Ranking Attributes Selection Techniques for Binary Classification Problem in Imbalance Data. IEEE Access. 7, pp. 24649-24666. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2899578
Medical data analysis based on Nao robot: An automated approach towards robotic real-time interaction with human body
Sharif, M. and Alsibai, Mohammed Hayyan 2018. Medical data analysis based on Nao robot: An automated approach towards robotic real-time interaction with human body. in: 2017 7th IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE) IEEE. pp. 91-96
A Proposed Machine Learning Based Collective Disease Model to Enable Predictive Diagnostics in Necrotising Enterocolitis
van Druten, Jacqueline, Sharif, M., Khashu, Minesh and Abdalla, H. 2019. A Proposed Machine Learning Based Collective Disease Model to Enable Predictive Diagnostics in Necrotising Enterocolitis. in: Miraz, Mahdi H., Exce, Peter S., Jones, Andrew, Soomro, Safeeullah and Ali, Maaruf (ed.) Proceedings 2018 International Conference on Computing, Electronics & Communications Engineering (iCCECE) IEEE. pp. 101-106
A Machine Learning Techniques to Detect Counterfeit Medicine Based on X-Ray Fluorescence Analyser
Alsallal, Muna, Sharif, M., Al-Ghzawi, Baydaa and al Mutoki, Sabah Mohammed Mlkat 2019. A Machine Learning Techniques to Detect Counterfeit Medicine Based on X-Ray Fluorescence Analyser. in: Miraz, Mahdi H., Excell, Peter S., Jones, Andrew, Soomro, Safeeullah and Ali, Maaruf (ed.) Proceedings 2018 International Conference on Computing, Electronics & Communications Engineering (iCCECE) IEEE. pp. 118-122
An Innovative EPW Design Using Add-on Features to Meet Malaysian Requirements
Alsibai, Mohammed Hayyan, Sharif, M., Yaakub, Salma and Hamran, Nurul Nadia Nor 2018. An Innovative EPW Design Using Add-on Features to Meet Malaysian Requirements. in: Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on Control Systems, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE 2017) IEEE. pp. 180-185
An Effective TeleHealth Assistive System to Support Senior Citizen at Home or Care-Homes
Sharif, M., Alsallal, Muna and Herghelegiu, Lucian 2018. An Effective TeleHealth Assistive System to Support Senior Citizen at Home or Care-Homes. IEEE International Conference on Computing, Electronics & Communications Engineering 2018 (iCCECE '18). Southend, UK 16 - 17 Aug 2018 IEEE. pp. 113-117 https://doi.org/10.1109/iCCECOME.2018.8658877
Functional Connectivity Evaluation for Infant EEG Signals based on Artificial Neural Network
Sharif, M., Naeem, U., Islam, S. and Karami, A. 2018. Functional Connectivity Evaluation for Infant EEG Signals based on Artificial Neural Network. Arai, Kohei, Kapoor, Supriya and Bhatia, Rahul (ed.) Intelligent Systems Conference (IntelliSys) 2018. London, UK 06 - 07 Sep 2018 Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01057-7_34
The Application of a Semantic-Based Process Mining Framework on a Learning Process Domain
Okoye, Kingsley, Islam, S., Naeem, U., Sharif, M., Azam, Muhammad Awais and Karami, A. 2018. The Application of a Semantic-Based Process Mining Framework on a Learning Process Domain. Arai, Kohei, Kapoor, Supriya and Bhatia, Rahul (ed.) Intelligent Systems Conference (IntelliSys) 2018. London, UK 06 - 07 Sep 2018 Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01054-6_96
Taskification – Gamification of Tasks
Naeem, U., Islam, S., Sharif, M., Sudakov, Sergey and Azam, Awais 2017. Taskification – Gamification of Tasks. in: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 631-634
SignalSense - Towards Quality Service
Islam, S., Sharif, M., Naeem, U. and Geehan, James 2017. SignalSense - Towards Quality Service. in: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 627-630
CrimeSafe - Helping you stay safe
Islam, S., Naeem, U., Sharif, M. and Dovnarovic, Arnold 2017. CrimeSafe - Helping you stay safe. in: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 642-645
The Future of Enterprise Security with Regards to Mobile Technology and Applications
Tagoe, F. T. and Sharif, M. 2017. The Future of Enterprise Security with Regards to Mobile Technology and Applications. in: Jahankhani, Hamid, Carlile, Alex, Emm, David, Hosseinian-Far, Amin, Brown, Guy, Sexton, Graham and Jamal, Arshad (ed.) Global Security, Safety and Sustainability - The Security Challenges of the Connected World. ICGS3 2017 Proceedings Springer International Publishing.
Actor-Network Theory as a Framework to Analyse Technology Acceptance Model’s External Variables: The Case of Autonomous Vehicles
Seuwou, Patrice, Banissi, Ebad, Ubakanma, George, Sharif, M. and Healey, Ann 2017. Actor-Network Theory as a Framework to Analyse Technology Acceptance Model’s External Variables: The Case of Autonomous Vehicles. in: Jahankhani, Hamid, Carlile, Alex, Emm, David, Hosseinian-Far, Amin, Brown, Guy, Sexton, Graham and Jamal, Arshad (ed.) Global Security, Safety and Sustainability - The Security Challenges of the Connected World. ICGS3 2017 Proceedings Springer International Publishing.
An efficient system for preprocessing confocal corneal images for subsequent analysis
Sharif, M., Qahwaji, Rami, Hayajneh, Sofyan, Ipson, Stanley, Alzubaidi, Rania and Brahma, Arun 2014. An efficient system for preprocessing confocal corneal images for subsequent analysis. in: 2014 14th UK Workshop on Computational Intelligence (UKCI) IEEE.
Artificial Neural Network-Based System for PET Volume Segmentation
Sharif, M., Abbod, Maysam, Amira, Abbes and Zaidi, Habib 2010. Artificial Neural Network-Based System for PET Volume Segmentation. International Journal of Biomedical Imaging. 2010 (105610). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/105610
Artificial Neural Network-Statistical Approach for PET Volume Analysis and Classification
Sharif, M., Abbod, Maysam, Amira, Abbes and Zaidi, Habib 2012. Artificial Neural Network-Statistical Approach for PET Volume Analysis and Classification. Advances in Fuzzy Systems. 2012 (327861). https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/327861
Machine Learning Optimisation for Realistic 2D and 3D PET-CT Phantom Study
Sharif, M., Abbod, Maysam, Sonoda, Luke I. and Sanghera, Bal 2013. Machine Learning Optimisation for Realistic 2D and 3D PET-CT Phantom Study. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology. 4 (4), pp. 634-649. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2014/5084
Preparation of 2D sequences of corneal images for 3D model building
Elbita, Abdulhakim, Qahwaji, Rami, Ipson, Stanley, Sharif, M. and Ghanchi, Faruque 2015. Preparation of 2D sequences of corneal images for 3D model building. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 114 (2), pp. 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.01.009
Medical image classification based on artificial intelligence approaches: A practical study on normal and abnormal confocal corneal images
Sharif, M., Qahwaji, R., Ipson, S. and Brahma, A. 2015. Medical image classification based on artificial intelligence approaches: A practical study on normal and abnormal confocal corneal images. Applied Soft Computing. 36 (Nov.), pp. 269-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2015.07.019
An efficient intelligent analysis system for confocal corneal endothelium images
Sharif, M., Qahwaji, R., Shahamatnia, E., Alzubaidi, R., Ipson, S. and Brahma, A. 2015. An efficient intelligent analysis system for confocal corneal endothelium images. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 122 (3), pp. 421-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2015.09.003
In Vivo Confocal Microscopic Corneal Images in health and disease with an emphasis on extracting features and visual signatures for corneal diseases: A review study
Alzubaidi, Rania, Sharif, M., Qahwaji, Rami, Ipson, Stanley and Brahma, Arun 2015. In Vivo Confocal Microscopic Corneal Images in health and disease with an emphasis on extracting features and visual signatures for corneal diseases: A review study. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 100 (1), pp. 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306934
A Mutlimodal Approach to Measure the Levels Distraction of Pedestrians using Mobile Sensing
Pizzamiglio, S., Naeem, U., ur Réhman, Shafiq, Sharif, M., Abdalla, H. and Turner, D. 2017. A Mutlimodal Approach to Measure the Levels Distraction of Pedestrians using Mobile Sensing. Procedia Computer Science. 113, pp. 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.08.297